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They were subject to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays aimed at detecting traces of DNA from infecting mycobacteria, with the purpose both of confirming the paleopathological diagnosis of tuberculosis and determining in individual cases whether disease was due to <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>. In all nine cases, evidence for <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> complex DNA was found, and in all instances it appeared that disease was due to <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> rather than <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>. The significance of the findings for understanding tuberculous infection in rural agrarian communities in medieval England is discussed. 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