{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:39:56Z","timestamp":1791139196876,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,2]],"date-time":"2005-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12966,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most of the residents of Heliconia, Colombia, live in a continual state of malnutrition characterized by a lack of protein and an excess of carbohydrate in the diet. Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are frequently observed when such dietary imbalances occur. These conditions are seen in Heliconia, but even when the recognized symptoms of clinical malnutrition are absent, there are long\u2010term morphological changes associated with protein deficiency.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In the present study, interest is centered on the relative effects of protein deficiency on the skeletal maturation of apparently healthy boys and girls. Incidental comparisons of clinically\u2010diagnosed Kwashiorkor and Marasmus patients with each other and with non\u2010affected controls are also made. It is seen that skeletal maturation in early life is delayed in almost all Heliconia children when compared to U.S. standards. Female controls appear to experience a form of catch\u2010up growth beginning in the preadolescent period, while male controls appear more severely retarded throughout adolescence. The result is a reduction in stature most pronounced in boys and a concomitant reduction in sexual dimorphism for overall body size. The Kwashiorkor\u2010 and Marasmus\u2010affected children show a more severe retardation of skeletal growth with no significant sex difference in their response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330310316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T02:21:10Z","timestamp":1139019670000},"page":"417-426","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Nutritional stress and growth: Sex difference in adaptive response"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"W. A.","family":"Stini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/16.5.445","article-title":"The concept and significance of labile and over\u2010all protein reserves of the body","volume":"16","author":"Allison J. B.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-80-5-829"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","series-title":"Wld. Hlth. Org. Monograph Series no. 8","volume-title":"Kwashiorkor in Africa","author":"Brock J. F.","year":"1952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/9.2.186","article-title":"Role of adrenal cortical system in response of children to severe protein malnutrition","volume":"9","author":"Castellanos H.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Pediatrics","author":"Dean R. F. A.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330210105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.145.3639.1444"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"A rational approach to the assessment of skeletal maturation","volume":"7","author":"Garn S. 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