{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T07:32:14Z","timestamp":1762673534300},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]],"date-time":"2005-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10405,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Various workers, including T. D. Stewart, claim that the aboriginal Americas were relatively disease\u2010free because of the Bering Strait cold\u2010screen, eliminating many pathogens, and the paucity of zoonotic infections because of few domestic animals. Evidence of varying validity suggests that precontact Americans had their own strains of treponemic infections, bacillary and amoebic dysenteries, influenza and viral pneumonia and other respiratory diseases, salmonellosis and perhaps other food poisoning, various arthritides, some endoparasites such as the ascarids, and several geographically circumscribed diseases such as the rickettsial verruca (Carrion's disease) and New World leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Questionably aboriginal are tuberculosis and typhus. Accordingly, virtually all the \u201ccrowd\u2010type\u201d ecopathogenic diseases such as smallpox, yellow fever, typhoid, malaria, measles, pertussis, polio, etc., appear to have been absent from the New World, and were only brought in by White conquerors and their Black slaves.<\/jats:p><jats:p>My hypothesis is that native American medical care systems\u2014especially in the more culturally advanced areas\u2014were sufficiently sophisticated to deal with native disease entities with reasonable competence. But native medical systems could not cope with the \u201ccrowd\u2010type\u201d disease imports that struck Indian and Eskimos as \u201cvirgin field\u201d populations. Reanalysis of native population losses through a genocidal combination of disease, war, slavery and attendant cultural disruption by Dobyns, Cook and others strongly suggest that traditional estimates underplayed the death toll by a factor of the general order of ten. This would make for an immediately pre\u2010contact Indian population of some 90\u2013111 million instead of the traditional 8\u201311 million. Evidence is growing that Indians may have been no more susceptible to new pathogens than are other \u201cvirgin soil\u201d populations, and thus their immune systems need not be considered less effective than those in other people. Present\u2010day high mortality rates in Indians of both continents from infectious disease imports may be more socioeconomic than anything else.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330450333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T03:21:10Z","timestamp":1139023270000},"page":"667-672","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Aboriginal New World epidemiology and medical care, and the impact of Old World disease imports"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Marshall T.","family":"Newman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330410113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330410113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"The ranks of death: A medical history of the conquest of America","author":"Ashburn P. 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L.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Human Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1965.67.4.02a00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacNeish R.1964The origins of New World civilization. Sci. Amer. (Nov.)","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1164-29"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330290110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Prehistoric tuberculosis in America","volume":"83","author":"Morse D.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am. Review of Respiratory Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"Ecological factors in disease among North American archeological skeletal samples","volume":"37","author":"Ortner D. J.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthrop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel","author":"Roy R. L.","year":"1933"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1959.8.479","article-title":"Epidemic jungle fever among Okinawan colonists in the Bolivian rain forest. II. Isolation and characterization of Uruma virus, a newly recognized human pathogen","volume":"8","author":"Schmidt J. R.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330310304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1086\/soutjanth.16.3.3629030","article-title":"A physical anthropologist's view of the peopling of the New World","volume":"16","author":"Stewart T. D.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Southwest J. Anthrop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"American Indian Medicine","author":"Vogel V. J.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"WHO1959Immunological and heomatological surveys. World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 181."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330450333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330450333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T22:31:59Z","timestamp":1699828319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330450333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1976,11]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.1330450333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330450333","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1976,11]]}}}