{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T17:14:28Z","timestamp":1756574068550},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,4]],"date-time":"2005-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1115164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7550,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Field studies of living primates have shown that primate predation is a rare event. This must also have been true for past primate communities. In the Fayum Oligocene of Egypt, specimens of all four species of Upper Fossil Wood Zone primates show evidence of tooth puncture marks. Of the four potential groups of primate predators\u2013the snakes, the raptors, the crocodiles, and the primitive carnivores or creodonts\u2013only the crocodiles and the creodonts could have made these puncture marks. When one compares the feeding habits of living crocodiles and mammalian carnivores with the evidence from the Fayum, it appears that the Fayum primates were preyed upon and\/or scavenged by mammalian carnivore\u2010like animals. The dismemberment of the Fayum primates by Oligocene predators indicates, in part, why the Fayum fossil material is rarely articulated. Bone damage by predators may well set limits on what bone associations can be discovered in the Fayum even before the bones are scattered and buried by depositional processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330650106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,25]],"date-time":"2005-05-25T18:24:09Z","timestamp":1117045449000},"page":"31-35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Puncture marks on early African anthropoids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Gebo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elwyn L.","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"The Hunters or the Hunted?","author":"Brain CK","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300004048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330590207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350060106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Hill AP (1975)Taphonomy of contemporary and Late Cenozoic East African vertebrates. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis Univ. of London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02692280"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2387967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02735553"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Five New World Primates: A Study in Comparative Ecology","author":"Terborgh JW","year":"1983"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330650106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330650106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T15:07:18Z","timestamp":1697814438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330650106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,9]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.1330650106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330650106","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,9]]}}}