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The primary goals were to (1) identify potential differences in relative tibia growth and (2) evaluate the extent to which such differences were concordant with demographic and epidemiological characteristics of the two groups. Methods used were designed to minimize the shortcomings of unknown age and sex of the skeleton, small sample sizes, and population differences in adult size attained. Results showed that Bt\u20105 preadolescent growth performance and health status in general were superior to those of the Libben group. Modifications in the rate and timing of Libben tibia growth occurred early and were primarily restricted to the weaning period. It is suggested that high levels of lmeciious disease experienced in the first years of life at Libben played a substantial role in the etiology of (1) early long bone growth retardation, (2) a greater prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the childhood years, and (3) elevated levels of subadult morbidity and mortality compared to Bt\u20105. Paleo\u2010demographic, paleoepidemiological, and modern comparative population data that support these inferences are discussed. No evidence of chronic malnutrition owing to dietary inadequacy was observed for either group. Alternatively, higher population density and greater degree of sedentism alone may have been responsible for elevated disease loads at Libben compared to low levels that were observed for the seasonally mobile semisedentary Bt\u20105 hunter\u2010gatherers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330680212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,3]],"date-time":"2006-02-03T20:57:44Z","timestamp":1139000264000},"page":"247-262","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Relative tibia long bone growth in the Libben and Bt\u20105 prehistoric skeletal populations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Mensforth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Oxford chikl health survey: Stature and skeletal maturation in the preschool child","volume":"8","author":"Acheson RM","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br. 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