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Skeletal analysis verified some historical interpretations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Gender differential in mortality is evident with average age at death for males 35 and females 40 years. Females, besides living longer, had more missing and carious teeth but fewer abscesses. Both genders expressed childhood metabolic stress as indicated by linear enamel hypoplasias. Males, however, had a higher incidence (92%) than did females (70%). Age at occurrence was more widely distributed for females, but ages 2\u20134 were most critical for both genders. Postcranial indications of recovery from acute stress, Harris lines, occurred more frequently for males (45%) than for females (18%).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Anemia, probably both genetic and acquired, was a significant health problem for both genders. Cribra orbitalia appeared in 35% of the adult crania, and 80% of the subadults had orbital lesions. Diplotic expansion of the cranial vault and infection were relatively common in the sample. Skeletal reaction to infections appeared in 69% of the males, 60% of the females, and 80% of the subadults.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Skeletal changes associated with demanding physical labor were ubiquitous. The shoulder and hip were especially affected by degenerative changes, the cervical vertebrae frequently expressed osteophytosis, and males show a preponderance of Schmorl herniations and hypertrophy of the ulnar supinator crest.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Skeletal trace elements indicate a relatively high exposure to lead, strontium concentrations indicative of a diet high in plant foods, and relatively low zinc and copper concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330740211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,3]],"date-time":"2006-02-03T22:51:02Z","timestamp":1139007062000},"page":"239-253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Health and disease at a South Carolina plantation: 1840\u20131870"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Ted A.","family":"Rathbun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330450339"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"140","article-title":"Stresses of first freedom: 19th century Philadelphia","volume":"66","author":"Angel JL","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. 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