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London: Methuen, 1959.) Most ecologists interpret Rensch's rule to be a consequence of social and ecological selective factors that covary with body size, but recent claims have been advanced that dimorphism is principally a consequence of selection for increased body size alone. Here we assess the effects of body size, body\u2010size dimorphism, and social structure on canine dimorphism among platyrrhine monkeys.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Platyrrhine species examined are classified into four behavioral groups reflecting the intensity of intermale competition for access to females or to limiting resources. As canine dimorphism increases, so does the level of inter\u2010male competition. Those species with monogamous and polyandrous social structures have the lowest canine dimorphism, while those with dominance rank hierarchies of males have the most canine dimorphism. Species with fission\u2010fusion social structures and transitory intermale breeding\u2010season competition fall between these extremes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Among platyrrhines there is a significant positive correlation between body size and canine dimorphism However, within levels of competition, no significant correlation was found between the two. Also, with increased body size, body\u2010size dimorphism tends to increase, and this correlation holds in some cases within competition levels.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In an analysis of covariance, once the level of intermale competition is controlled for, neither molar size nor molar\u2010size dimorphism accounts for a significant part of the variance in canine dimorphism. A similar analysis using body weight as a measure of size and dimorphism yields a less clear\u2010cut picture: body weight contributes significantly to the model when the effects of the other factors are controlled. Finally, in a model using head and body length as a measure of size and dimorphism, all factors and the interactions between them are significant. We conclude that intermale competition among platyrrhine species is the most important factor explaining variations in canine dimorphism. The significant effects of size and size dimorphism in some models may be evidence that natural (as opposed to sexual) selection also plays a role in the evolution of increased canine dimorphism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330770311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T09:50:56Z","timestamp":1139046656000},"page":"385-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Sexual selection and canine dimorphism in new world monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"R. F.","family":"Kay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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