{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:12:22Z","timestamp":1790712742443,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,7]],"date-time":"2005-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1118102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5302,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A virtually complete skeleton recovered from excavations in a Late Upper Paleolithic context by Cardini between 1940 and 1942 at the Arene Candide cave (NW Italy) lacks the normal development of the left and right lesser trochanters. The specimen is a short\u2010statured male about 25 years old and shows no other especially peculiar skeletal irregularities, except for high negative angles of femoral torsion. We discuss a number of possible etiologies for the anomalous absence of the lesser trochanters. The condition is most likely a result of an epigenetic effect or a traumatic avulsion of both lesser trochanters. If the absence of normal development of the lesser trochanters involves a congenital condition, it is an extremely rare, previously undescribed trait. If the condition results from bilateral traumatic avulsion, it is probably the result of excessive muscular stress on the proximal femur and provides further evidence of hardship of life in Paleolithic populations and of the ability of these people to survive debilitating trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330830404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T07:51:44Z","timestamp":1139039504000},"page":"425-437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Bilateral absence of the lesser trochanter in a Late Epigravettian skeleton from Arene Candide (Italy)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Formicola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Frayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00361136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033822200000242","article-title":"University of Rome carbon\u201014 dates IV","volume":"8","author":"Alessio M","year":"1966","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Gli Scavi Nella Caverna Delle Arene Candide","author":"Bernab\u00f3Brea L","year":"1946"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Campagne di Scavo 1948\u201350","author":"Bernab\u00f3Brea L","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466050-00018","article-title":"Isolated fracture of the lesser trochanter in adults: An initial manifestation of metastatic malignant disease","volume":"66","author":"Bertin KC","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. [Am.]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02436406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Su un caso di distacco bilaterale traumatico del piccolo trocantere","volume":"8","author":"Binazzi R","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ital. J. Sports Traum."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Missed avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter in a tennis professional","volume":"26","author":"Birnbaum DA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Med. Trial Tech. Q."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"De Diluviale Menschenfunden von Oberkassel bein Bonn","author":"Bonnet R","year":"1919"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","article-title":"Torsional deformities after fractures of the femoral shaft in childhood","volume":"195","author":"Brouwer KJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand [Suppl.]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Gli strati mesolitici e paleolitici della caverna delle Arene Candide","volume":"12","author":"Cardini L","year":"1946","journal-title":"Riv. Studi Liguri"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"La necropoli mesolitica delle Arene Candide (Liguria)","volume":"3","author":"Cardini L","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mem. Ist. Ital. Paleont. Umana (n. s.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Human Structure.","author":"Cartmill M","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"L'avifauna del Pleistocene superiore delle Arene Candide (Liguria)","volume":"3","author":"Cassoli PF","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mem. Ist. Ital. Paleontol. Umana"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"611","volume-title":"L. Pr\u00e9histoire Francaise","author":"Dastugue J","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Isolated fractures of the lesser trochanter of the femur","volume":"82","author":"Dimion JH","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Cze\u015bciowe oderwanie kretarza mniejszego ko\u015bci udowej podczas porodu u kobiety czynnie uprawiajacej sport","volume":"39","author":"Elwart A","year":"1986","journal-title":"Wiad. Lek."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"581","article-title":"Avulsion injuries of the pelvis and proximal femur","volume":"137","author":"Fernbach SK","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Radiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Non\u2010metric variation of the infracranial skeleton","volume":"125","author":"Finnegan M","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"FinneganM andFaustMA(1974)Bibliography of Human and Nonhuman Non\u2010Metric Variation. Research Reports no. 14. Amherst: University of Massachusetts."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Stature in Italian prehistoric samples, with particular reference to methodological problems","volume":"34","author":"Formicola V","year":"1983","journal-title":"Homo"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"Una mandibola umana dal deposito dell'Epigravettiano finale delle Arene Candide (Scavi 1970)","volume":"64","author":"Formicola V","year":"1986","journal-title":"Riv. Antropol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3406\/bmsap.1986.1592"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Contribution to the knowledge of the late Epigravettian human remains from Arene Candide cave (Liguria, Italy): a peculiarshaped skull","volume":"38","author":"Formicola V","year":"1987","journal-title":"Homo"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","series-title":"University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology, no. 10","volume-title":"Evolution of the Dentition in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe","author":"Frayer DW","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1981.83.1.02a00040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"211","volume-title":"The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence","author":"Frayer DW","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"280","article-title":"Cough induced avulsion of the lesser trochanter","volume":"72","author":"Gradwohl JR","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nebr. Med. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Anatomy of the Human Body","author":"Gray H","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-195611000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195032040-00015","article-title":"A study of the gross anatomy of the arteries supplying the proximal portion of the femur and acetabulum","volume":"32","author":"Howe WW","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. [Am.]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000144576"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196648070-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"329","article-title":"Une triple s\u00e9pulture du Pavlovien a Doln\u00ed V\u00e9stonice, Tch\u00e9coslovaquie","volume":"91","author":"Kl\u00edma B","year":"1987","journal-title":"L'Anthropologie (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(73)90009-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"339","article-title":"Avulsion fracture of the lesser femoral trochanter","volume":"10","author":"Lewin P","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. [Am.]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/153.8.421","article-title":"Ipsilateral lesser and greater trochanter fractures of the hip without intertrochanteric extension: a case report","volume":"153","author":"Lower RF","year":"1988","journal-title":"Milit. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Sul distacco isolata del piccolo trocantere","volume":"18","author":"Magistroni A","year":"1964","journal-title":"Minerva Ortop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Mendelian Inheritance in Man","author":"McKusick V","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330800406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Fracture Surgery","author":"Milch H","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Le sepolture epigravettiane di Vado all'Arancio (Grosseto)","volume":"35","author":"Minellono F","year":"1980","journal-title":"Riv. Sci. Preist."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Developmental and clinical significance of the anteversion of the femoral neck","volume":"9","author":"Morscher E","year":"1967","journal-title":"Reconstr. Surg. Traumatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02437471"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","first-page":"435","volume-title":"Peopl and Culture in Change","author":"Mussi M","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.42.483.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Catalogue of Fossil Hominids. Part II: Europe","author":"Oakley KP","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"28","volume-title":"Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains","author":"Ortner DJ","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gli scheletri mesolitici della caverna delle Arene Candide (Liguria)","volume":"3","author":"Paoli G","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mem. Ist. Ital. Paleont. Umana"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Osservazioni sulle ossa lunghe degli arti degli uomini mesolitici delle Arene Candide","volume":"12","author":"Parenti R","year":"1946","journal-title":"Riv. Studi Liguri"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Gli angoli di torsione e deviazione delle ossa dell'arto inferiore dell'uomo e loro rapporti reciproci","volume":"76","author":"Parenti R","year":"1946","journal-title":"Arch. Antropol. Etnol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","first-page":"423","article-title":"Fracture du petit trochanter chez le grand enfant","volume":"32","author":"Parisel F","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Belg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00365136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Un squelette magdalenien prouvent de la station des Grenouilles (Veyrier, Haute\u2010Savoie)","volume":"11","author":"Pittard E","year":"1945","journal-title":"Arch. Suisses d'Anthropol. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800093415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Roentgenologic Diagnosis of Disease in Bone","author":"Pugh DG","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders","author":"Resnick D","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton.","author":"Steele DG","year":"1988"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","first-page":"122","article-title":"Avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter","volume":"68","author":"Sweetman RJ","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nurs. Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Les Grottes de Grimaldi (Baouss\u00e9\u2010Rouss\u00e9)","author":"Verneau R","year":"1906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00349333"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.1330830404","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330830404","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T07:18:56Z","timestamp":1697959136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330830404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.1330830404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330830404","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,12]]}}}