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Arm\u2010hanging was the only common chimpanzee positional behavior that required full abduction of the humerus, and vertical climbing was the only distinctive chimpanzee positional behavior that required forceful retraction of the humerus and flexion of the elbow. Some elements of the chimpanzee anatomy, including an abductible humerus, a broad thorax, a cone\u2010shaped torso, and a long, narrow scapula, are hypothesized to be a coadapted functional complex that reduces muscle action and structural fatigue during arm\u2010hanging. Large muscles that retract the humerus (latissimus dorsi and probably sternocostal pectoralis major and posterior deltoid) and flex the elbow (biceps brachii, probably brachialis and brachioradialis) are argued to be adaptations to vertical climbing alone. A large ulnar excursion of the manus and long, curved metacarpals and phalanges are interpreted as adaptations to gripping vertical weight\u2010bearing structures during vertical climbing and arm\u2010hanging. A short torso, an iliac origin of the latissimus dorsi, and large muscles for arm\u2010raising (caudal serratus, teres minor, cranial trapezius, and probably anterior deltoid and clavicular pectoralis major) are interpreted as adaptations to both climbing and unimanual suspension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330860408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,3]],"date-time":"2006-02-03T16:17:34Z","timestamp":1138983454000},"page":"521-536","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Mechanical implications of chimpanzee positional behavior"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Gibbon and Siamang, Vol. 4","author":"Andrews P","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1963.tb00222.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1964.tb05153.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1964.tb05151.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1965.tb02004.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/soutjanth.18.2.3629013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Muscles Alive: Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography","author":"Basmajian JV","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"201","volume-title":"The Baboon in Medical Research, Volume 2","author":"Benton RS","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1374310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156232"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350120104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330740202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384050-9.50007-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330470206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Human Structure. 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