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Pattern and nature of lesions suggests that chronic infection induced by variants of the spirochete <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>, causing endemic syphilis and\/or yaws, resulted in third\u2010stage osseous response. It is suggested that Tchefuncte Indians acquired partial immunity to treponemal infection by exposure to a variant of the related spirochete, <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Partial immunity would help explain the relatively mild expression of the treponemal disease process in the 16ST1 skeletal population and the apparent absence of venereal syphilis. Presence of the <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> spirochete might be linked to a single incidence of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. \u00a9 1994 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330930406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,8]],"date-time":"2005-08-08T19:07:30Z","timestamp":1123528050000},"page":"455-475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Treponematosis and Lyme borreliosis connections: Explanation for Tchefuncte disease syndromes?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_6.S1451"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.12.2693-2699.1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7-Supplement_2.S220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/203691"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.42.2.634-638.1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(75)90011-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1604318"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"A Life In Science: Papers In Honor Of J. 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