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Unlike colobine and cercopithecine milk teeth, <jats:italic>Victoriapithecus<\/jats:italic> dp<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>s, dp<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>s, and at least 7 (14%) dp<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>s lack transverse distal loph(id)s and are not bilophodont. <jats:italic>Victoriapithecus<\/jats:italic> also differs from cercopithecids in having less elongated deciduous premolars, a dp<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> metacone set mesial to a very small hypocone, a dp<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> crista obliqua, and a dp<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> hypoconulid. The deciduous canines and incisors of <jats:italic>Victoriapithecus<\/jats:italic> are like those of other cercopithecids in having an uneven distribution of enamel around a compressed (rather than cylindrical) root, but differ from cercopithecids and resemble hominoids in being more elongated. Since Colobinae and Cercopithecinae share features of the deciduous dentition that are derived relative to <jats:italic>Victoriapithecus<\/jats:italic> and hominoids, extant Old World monkeys are interpreted as representing the sister\u2010taxon of the middle Miocene cercopithecoids.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Due to a dramatic increase in the number of deciduous teeth found at Maboko Island, juvenile individuals represent a much larger proportion of recently excavated <jats:italic>Victoriapithecus<\/jats:italic> collections than is true of pre\u20101987 assemblages which mainly derive from sediment first excavated during the 1930s and 1940s. Age distribution differences between pre\u2010 and post\u20101987 samples indicate that paleontological collection procedures were more important than taphonomic biases in determining the paleodemographic profile of the Maboko fossils.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Since the <jats:italic>Victoriapithecus<\/jats:italic> assemblage from Maboko is strikingly similar to that of fossil <jats:italic>Theropithecus oswaldi<\/jats:italic> from Olorgesailie in terms of the large number of specimens and high representation of juvenile and infant individuals, the latter can no longer be viewed as unique among cercopithecoid fossil assemblages. Rather than being related to a specific cause of death, such as selective hunting of <jats:italic>T. oswaldi<\/jats:italic> by <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> (Shipman et al. [1981] Curr. Anthropol. <jats:italic>22<\/jats:italic>:257\u2013268), the large number of cercopithecoids at both sites is attributed to the fact that both assemblages represent excavated samples and that the preferred habitats of the extinct monkeys were probably at or near the site of deposition.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The greater number of young adult male than female canines in the apparently attritional Maboko Bed 5 assemblage, indicate that the social organization of <jats:italic>V. macinnesi<\/jats:italic> may have been similar to that of modrn macaques, with males migrating out of their natal group and suffering higher death rates than females at puberty. \u00a9 1994 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330950304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T10:54:36Z","timestamp":1139050476000},"page":"277-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Phylogenetic, paleodemographic, and taphonomic implications of <i>Victoriapithecus<\/i> deciduous teeth from Maboko, Kenva"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Brenda R.","family":"Benefit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02383111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Baboon Ecology","author":"Altmann SA","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Primate Ecology and Human Origins","author":"Altmann SA","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(81)80024-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"BenefitBR(1987)The molar morphology natural history and phylogenetic position of the middle Miocene monkey Victoriapithecus. 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