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In this study, descriptions of the anatomical changes of hallux valgus from published cadaveric and clinical studies were used to generate criteria for identifying the condition in ancient skeletal remains. The value of systematic scoring of hallux valgus in paleopathology is illustrated using two British skeletal series, one dating from the earlier and one from the later Medieval period. It was found that hallux valgus was restricted to later Medieval burials. This appears consistent with archaeological and historical evidence for a rise in popularity, during the late Medieval period (at least among the richer social classes), of narrow, pointed shoes which would have constricted the toes. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:139\u2013149, 2005. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,6]],"date-time":"2004-07-06T20:01:40Z","timestamp":1089144100000},"page":"139-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Paleopathological study of hallux valgus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"S.A.","family":"Mays","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2000.319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Lectures on the contractions of the fingers and toes; their varieties, pathologies and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Anderson W","year":"1891","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"The normal orientation of the human hallux and the effect of footwear","volume":"96","author":"Barnett CH","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Social statistics","author":"Blalock HM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Digging up bones","author":"Brothwell DR","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199606000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"64","volume-title":"England in the thirteenth century: proceedings of the Harlaxton Conference","author":"Golding B","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Mediaeval finds from excavations in London 2: shoes and pattens","author":"Grew F","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.36B2.272","article-title":"The anatomy of hallux valgus","volume":"36","author":"Haines RW","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.33B3.376","article-title":"Observations on hallux valgus. 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