{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:09:44Z","timestamp":1791090584771,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,27]],"date-time":"2004-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1090886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Published reports of palaeopathological analyses of skeletal collections from Central Asia are, to date, scarce. During the macroscopic examination of skeletal remains dating to the early first millennium AD from the Ustyurt Plateau, Uzbekistan, diagnostic features suggestive of leprosy were found on one individual from Devkesken 6. This adult female exhibited rhinomaxillary changes indicative of leprosy: resorption of the anterior nasal spine, rounding and widening of the nasal aperture, erosion of the alveolar margin, loss of a maxillary incisor, and inflammatory changes in the hard palate. While it is unclear whether the bones of the hands and the feet from this individual were absent as a result of collection strategy or poor preservation, lesions affecting the tibia and fibula were recorded, and the ways in which they may be related to a diagnosis of leprosy are discussed. This is the first skeletal evidence of leprosy from Central Asia and raises questions not only about the spread of the disease in the past, but also about the living conditions of what traditionally were thought of as nomadic peoples. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:150\u2013158, 2005. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,27]],"date-time":"2004-07-27T16:00:30Z","timestamp":1090944030000},"page":"150-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Osteoarchaeological evidence for leprosy from western Central Asia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Soren","family":"Blau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vadim","family":"Yagodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","series-title":"The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 BC to AD 250","first-page":"23","volume-title":"History of civilizations of Central Asia","author":"Abetekov A","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1390020204","article-title":"The rhinomaxillary syndrome in leprosy: a clinical, radiological and palaeopathological study","volume":"2","author":"Anderson JG","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Osteoarchaeol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Anon2002a. Bones raise leprosy doubts BBC News November 5 http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/scotland\/2406001.stm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leprosy, global situation","volume":"77","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"256","volume-title":"The Bronze Age civilization of Central Asia","author":"Askarov AA","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Cambridge encyclopedia of human palaeopathology","author":"Aufderheide AC","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"BagdasarovaNA.1993.Kochevniki yugo\u2010zapadnogo Priaralia v 1 tysyacheletii do nashei ery\u20131 tysyacheletii nashei ery (po antropologicheskim dannym)[Nomads of southwestern Aral sea area in 1 millennium BC\u20131 millennium AD (according to anthropological data)]. Ph.D. thesis Department of Anthropology Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. Museum of Anthropology of Moscow State University (English translation by S. Amirov)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"494","article-title":"The striking hand of God: leprosy in history","volume":"12","author":"Beckett DW","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Palaeopathology of Danish skeletons. a comparative study of demography, disease and injury","author":"Bennike P","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1094"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"BronkRamsey C.2000. OxCal program version 3.5.http:\/\/rlaha.ox.ac.uk\/orau.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains","author":"Buikstra J","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"1906","volume-title":"Principles and practice of infectious diseases","author":"Bullock WE","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","series-title":"BAR Int Ser","first-page":"123","volume-title":"The past and present of leprosy: archaeological, historical, palaeopathological and clinical approaches","author":"Buzhilova A","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia","author":"Christian D","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"585","volume-title":"Palaeopathology at the origins of agriculture","author":"Cohen M","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"424","article-title":"Leprosy in ancient Indian medicine","volume":"15","author":"Dharmendra KR","year":"1947","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(80)90044-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/00766097.1989.11735520","article-title":"The cemetery of the leper hospital of St. Margaret, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire","volume":"33","author":"Farley M","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004489936"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Diseases in antiquity","author":"Hackett CJ","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Iron Age nomadic burials of the Eurasian steppe: a discussion exploring burial ritual complexity","volume":"890","author":"Hanks B","year":"2000","journal-title":"BAR Int Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","series-title":"History of civilizations of Central Asia. the development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 BC to AD 250","first-page":"485","author":"Harmatta J","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4299958"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199807)106:3<329::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199902)108:2<173::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199912)110:4<421::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Cultes et monuments religieux dans l'Asie Central pr\u00e9islamique","author":"Jagodin V","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0305-7518.19910001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","series-title":"History of civilizations of Central Asia. the development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 BC to AD 250","first-page":"441","author":"Kyzlasov LR","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-003110-8.50009-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"477","volume-title":"History of civilizations of Central Asia: the dawn of civilization: earliest times to 700 BC","author":"Litvinsky BA","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"The archaeology of disease","author":"Manchester K","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Human palaeopathology: current synthesis and future options","author":"Manchester K","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Maladie et maladies. Histoire et conceptualisation","author":"Manchester K","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Infective bones changes in leprosy","volume":"1054","author":"Manchester K","year":"2002","journal-title":"BAR Int Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Lecture notes on infectious diseases","author":"Mandal BK","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199909\/10)9:5<379::AID-OA479>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Post\u2010mortem trepanations in Central Asia: types and trends","volume":"890","author":"Mednikova M","year":"2000","journal-title":"BAR Int Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the flat bones of the vault of the skull","volume":"24","author":"Meng CM","year":"1942","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Ten lepers from Naestved in Denmark: a study of skeletons from a Medieval Danish leper hospital","author":"M\u00f8ller\u2010Christensen V","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Bone changes of leprosy","author":"M\u00f8ller\u2010Christensen V","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Diseases in antiquity","author":"M\u00f8ller\u2010Christensen V","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Leprosy in Roman period skeletons from Kellis 2, Dakhleh, Egypt","volume":"1054","author":"Molto JE","year":"2002","journal-title":"BAR Int Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"MurphyEM.1998.An osteological and palaeopathological study of the Scythian and Hunno\u2010Sarmatian period populations from the cemetery complex of Aymyrlyg Tuva South Siberia. Ph.D. Dissertation Queen's University Belfast."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Mummification and body processing: evidence from the Iron Age in southern Siberia","volume":"890","author":"Murphy EM","year":"2000","journal-title":"BAR Int Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Madness, disability and social exclusion: the archaeology and anthropology of \u201cdifference.\u201d","author":"Murphy EM","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Evidence for leprosy in Medieval Ireland","volume":"1054","author":"Murphy E","year":"2002","journal-title":"BAR Int Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199811\/12)8:6<424::AID-OA431>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/507186"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","series-title":"The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations 700 BC to AD 250","first-page":"441","volume-title":"History of civilizations of Central Asia","author":"Negmatov NN","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Ancient sanctuaries of the Aral and Caspian regions: a reconstruction of their history","volume":"890","author":"Olkhovskiy VS","year":"2000","journal-title":"BAR Int Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains","author":"Ortner DJ","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1390010205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","first-page":"179","volume-title":"In the wake of contact: biological responses to conquest","author":"Pietrusewsky M","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.162"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Leprosy: myth, melodrama and mediaevalism","volume":"24","author":"Richards P","year":"1990","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians Lond"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Human osteology in archaeology and forensic science","author":"Roberts C","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"The antiquity of leprosy in Britain: the skeletal evidence","volume":"1054","author":"Roberts CA","year":"2002","journal-title":"BAR Int Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"The archaeology of disease","author":"Roberts C","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(89)90026-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000164801317166844"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"Leprosy in archaeologically recovered bamboo book in China","volume":"48","author":"Skinsnes OK","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Traces of leprosy from the Czech Kingdom","volume":"1054","author":"Strouhal E","year":"2002","journal-title":"BAR Int Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033822200019123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1390050408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Perspectives on the history of leprosy in the Pacific","volume":"1054","author":"Trembly DL","year":"2002","journal-title":"BAR Int Ser"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Physical anthropology in the USSR today. Part 1","volume":"8","author":"Turner CG","year":"1987","journal-title":"Q Rev Archaeol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Human skeletal remains: excavation, analysis, interpretation","author":"Ubelaker DH","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Diseases in antiquity","author":"Wilson JVK","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/X.3.331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Leprosy in the Byzantine monasteries of the Judean Desert","volume":"9","author":"Zias J","year":"1985","journal-title":"Koroth"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Human palaeopathology: current synthesis and future options","author":"Zias J","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.20121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.20121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T10:39:30Z","timestamp":1696675170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.20121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,27]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.20121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.20121","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,27]]}}}