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Attempts were made to evaluate the association of three aspects of lumbo\u2010sacral skeletal morphology (pelvic incidence (a measure of the anterior inclination of the sacral table), lumbar transverse process width, and the presence of lumbo\u2010sacral spina bifida occulta) with spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Results indicated a high prevalence of spondylolysis compared with a modern reference population, but few cases of spondylolisthesis were identified. Analysis of prevalence with respect to age suggests that in the study population, pars interarticularis defects generally formed late in the growth period or early in adult life. The study group showed a high mean pelvic incidence compared with modern Western Europeans, indicating a more steeply inclined sacral table, which may have elevated the risk of developing pars interarticularis defects. However, no statistically valid association could be demonstrated between the presence\/absence of spondylolysis and pelvic incidence in the study material. There was no evidence for a link between lumbar transverse process index or lumbo\u2010sacral spina bifida occulta and spondylolysis\/spondylolisthesis. It is concluded that the potential role of lumbo\u2010sacral morphology, as well as of activity regimes, should be considered when interpreting spondylolysis in paleopathological studies. If the frequency of spondylolysis is to some extent an indicator of past activity regimes, it may reflect lifestyle in younger individuals rather than in mature adults. Further work investigating the link between spondylolysis and lumbo\u2010sacral morphological variables in premodern populations would be of value. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,21]],"date-time":"2006-04-21T20:22:37Z","timestamp":1145650957000},"page":"352-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, and lumbo\u2010sacral morphology in a medieval English skeletal population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Mays","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.82B6.10302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biomechanical aspects of lumbar spine injuries in athletes: a review","volume":"10","author":"Alexander MJL","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can J Appl Sports Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.153.3.6494460"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199711)104:3<393::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"933","article-title":"Spondyloschisis and spondylolisthesis in children","volume":"38","author":"Baker DR","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Wharram Percy","author":"Beresford M","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200305150-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.59B4.925059","article-title":"Spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents","volume":"59","author":"Blackburne JS","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961040-00001","article-title":"Management of severe spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents","volume":"61","author":"Boxall D","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Am]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330790308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Digging up bones","author":"Brothwell DR","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00160-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.60B2.659472","article-title":"The fatigue strength of the lumbar neural arch in spondylolysis","volume":"60","author":"Cyron BM","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Statistical methods for medical and biological students","author":"Dahlberg G","year":"1940"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198501000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.60B4.361744","article-title":"Spondylolysis. 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