{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T12:43:07Z","timestamp":1700052187869},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,29]],"date-time":"2006-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1156809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As great morphological variability characterizes the phalanges of the human toes in adults, we hypothesized for a possible variability in the presence or absence of their secondary (= epiphyseal) centers of ossification linked to the unique morphology of the human foot within primates. The aim of this study was thus to provide original and detailed data on the occurrence of these centers. Classically, the big toe or hallux (I) presents two secondary centers and the lateral toes (II\u2013V) three centers, and consequently the five toes present a total of 14 secondary centers. The material studied consisted of 261 foot radiographs from 261 young individuals of European origin (202 males and 59 females; 6\u201316 years). The presence (or absence) of the secondary centers of the phalanges of the toes was assessed for each foot. Feet presenting a biphalangeal variant in one or more lateral toes were studied separately. The theoretical possibilities of association of the three secondary centers in a given lateral toe (II\u2013V) are eight in number; these eight patterns were studied and coded in the present study by types A\u2013H. An exceptional variability in the occurrence of the secondary centers in lateral toes (II\u2013V) was observed, and the classic pattern of phalangeal ossification was never observed. The absence of one or more secondary centers seems to be observed only in the human species, and we suggest that this could be a derived pattern specific to the human species, i.e., autapomorphic pattern. These results are of interest in the characterization and understanding of the reduction in size of the lateral toes which characterizes the specific evolution of the human foot. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,29]],"date-time":"2006-08-29T15:18:59Z","timestamp":1156864739000},"page":"110-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Secondary centers of ossification of the human toes: Exceptional polymorphism and evolutionary perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Franck","family":"Billmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Marie","family":"Le Minor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"Die Fussknochen der Japaner","volume":"4","author":"Adachi B","year":"1905","journal-title":"Mitt Med Fakult\u00e4t Univ Tokyo"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy","author":"Aiello L","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-08782-0.50015-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078300300604"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Apparition et soudure des points d'ossification des membres chez les Mammif\u00e8res","volume":"32","author":"Curgy JJ","year":"1965","journal-title":"M\u00e9m Mus Hist Nat Zool (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"The origin of tetrapod limb","author":"Feduccia A","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195941050-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"629","article-title":"Missing secondary ossification centers of the foot. 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