{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T23:10:15Z","timestamp":1789945815385,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,31]],"date-time":"2006-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency in adults is referred to as osteomalacia, and this condition has multiple causes related to factors such as environment, living conditions and cultural practices. Therefore, understanding the types and range of expression of osteomalacia in archaeological bone, using a number of investigative techniques, will have significant implications for interpretations made about past communities. This study aimed to understand the expression of vitamin D deficiency in the skeletons of adults through detailed analysis of human bone from the late 18<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> and 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> century churchyard of St. Martin's, Birmingham, England, at a gross, radiological and histological level. The collection from St. Martin's is unusual for the period as this central burial ground in Birmingham was used by a wide cross section of society rather than a narrow socio\u2010economic group as at other sites of this date. Macroscopic and radiological analysis of 291 adults identified seven individuals with osteomalacia, and histological analysis using back\u2010scattered scanning electron microscopy confirmed the findings. Detailed description of the range of pathological alterations observed in the archaeological skeletons are presented, and possible interpretations of the patterns seen considered. The results of this investigation will enable clear diagnosis and interpretation of this vitamin D deficiency disease, an important socio\u2010economic indicator, to take place in the future. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,31]],"date-time":"2006-10-31T18:16:47Z","timestamp":1162318607000},"page":"67-79","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["An investigation of skeletal indicators of vitamin D deficiency in adults: Effective markers for interpreting past living conditions and pollution levels in 18th and 19th century Birmingham, England"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Brickley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Mays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Ives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"619","volume-title":"Vitamin D","author":"Adams J","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Osteomalacia and late rickets","volume":"2","author":"Albright F","year":"1946","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"182","article-title":"Nutritional rickets and osteomalacia in school children and adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Al\u2010Jurayyan NA","year":"2002","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Developmental defects of the axial skeleton in paleopathology","author":"Barnes E","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/26.9.910","article-title":"Bedouin osteomalacia due to calcium deprivation caused by high phytic acid content of unleavened bread","volume":"26","author":"Berlyn GM","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-36714"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"1537","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy in bone pathology: Review of methods, potential and applications","volume":"6","author":"Boyde A","year":"1986","journal-title":"Scan Electron Microsc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"St. Martin's uncovered: Investigations in the churchyard of St. Martin's\u2010in\u2010the\u2010Bull Ring, Birmingham, 2001","author":"Brickley M","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20265"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.794"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"The cross bones burial ground, Redcross Way Southwark, London","author":"Brickley M","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Platymeria and platycnemia","volume":"73","author":"Buxton LHD","year":"1938","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","series-title":"Roentgen diagnosis of diseases of bone","first-page":"829","author":"Edeiken J","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015263514765"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","series-title":"Excavations at Poundbury 1966\u20131980","volume-title":"The cemeteries","author":"Farwell D","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","series-title":"Metabolic bone disease in clinical endocrinology and metabolism","first-page":"145","author":"Francis R","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/14.1.37","article-title":"Nutrition of the Bedouin in the Negv Desert","volume":"14","author":"Groen JJ","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Paget's disease of bone. 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