{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:35:48Z","timestamp":1790019348129,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the prevalence of skin lesions in a gorilla population in the Republic of Congo. The observed lesions were typical of yaws, a treponematosis described in gorillas and humans living in tropical regions. Among the 377 gorillas identified, 17% presented skin lesions, mainly on their faces. The worst cases presented physical handicaps because of the deep lesions. As in humans, lesions break out when individuals are young. Lesions were more prevalent among males than females above 8 years old. This sex\u2010bias prevalence could result from the behavioral characteristics of males through a greater exposure to wounds. Lesions were also more prevalent in unmated adult males (either solitaries or those living in nonbreeding groups) than in males leading breeding groups. In the case of the latter, nonaffected and affected leading males had a similar number of infants and juveniles. Still, none of the leading males ever presented serious handicaps because of the skin lesions. This suggests that adult females could favor males without lesions. Finally, lesions were more prevalent among immature animals in nonbreeding groups than in breeding groups, suggesting that either young animals with lesions disperse earlier from their natal groups, or that the disease spreads faster in nonbreeding groups. Our results provide some insights into the spread of a disease in a wild population. Further studies are required to determine if the vigor of males affects the development of the disease and if affected individuals experience social discrimination inducing a negative impact on population dynamics. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,3]],"date-time":"2007-02-03T08:20:16Z","timestamp":1170490816000},"page":"568-575","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Yaws disease in a wild gorilla population and its impact on the reproductive status of males"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Florence","family":"Levr\u00e9ro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Gautier\u2010Hion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"M\u00e9nard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3008.2001.00194.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1990.11812477"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Les tr\u00e9pon\u00e9matoses end\u00e9miques: pian, b\u00e9jel\u2010 Actualit\u00e9s 2005","volume":"66","author":"Aubry P","year":"2006","journal-title":"M\u00e9d Trop"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.388"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00324430"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.02.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Great apes and humans: the ethics of coexistence","author":"Butynski TM","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"African pygmies","author":"Cavalli\u2010Sforza LL","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(80)80066-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"152","volume-title":"The evolution and eradication of infectious disease","author":"Cockburn A","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.1972.tb02330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"Notes on the occurrence of skin infections in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla)","volume":"54","author":"Cousins D","year":"1984","journal-title":"Zool Garten NF Jena"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Primatology today","author":"Deputte BL","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155411"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5483.1277"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285346"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.4.775"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"474","article-title":"Note sur quelques aspects immunologiques du cynoc\u00e9phale africain","volume":"56","author":"Fribourg\u2010Blanc A","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"GAHMU (Great Ape Health Monitoring Unit).2004. Diseases: the third major threat for wild Great Apes? In Proceedings of GAHMU symposium Leipzig Germany May 6\u20139. Abstracts available athttp:\/\/www.eva.mpg.de\/primat\/GreatApesConference04."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Structure, dynamique et g\u00e9n\u00e9tique d'une population de gorille de plaine de l'Ouest (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) au nord de la R\u00e9publique du Congo","author":"Gatti S","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"342","volume-title":"M\u00e9decine tropicale","author":"Gentilini M","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(79)90166-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Reproduction in wild gorillas and some comparisons with chimpanzees","volume":"28","author":"Harcourt AH","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"HijazyM.2000. Non venereal treponaemas yaws. In: Principles of pediatric dermatology. [Internet]. Available athttp:\/\/www.drmhijazy.com\/english\/chapters\/chapter09.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605303000802"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"284","article-title":"Genetic relatedness of western lowland gorillas at Lop\u00e9, Gabon","volume":"75","author":"Jeffery KJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia Primatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Suivi de la sant\u00e9 des gorilles au Nord\u2010Congo","volume":"18","author":"Karesh WB","year":"2000","journal-title":"Canop\u00e9e"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"1265","volume-title":"Treponematoses: textbook of dermatology","author":"Kerdel\u2010Vegas F","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"411","article-title":"Sexual ornamentation, androgens and papillomatosis in male roach (Rutilus rutilus)","volume":"5","author":"Kortet R","year":"2003","journal-title":"Evol Ecol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Pathogen transmission in relation to feeding and digestion by haematophagous arthropods","volume":"32","author":"Langley PA","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092528"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"LevineCL.2006. Yaws. [Internet]. Available athttp:\/\/www.emedicine.com\/derm\/topic463.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"278","volume-title":"Structure d'une population de gorilles (Gorilla g. gorilla) visitant une clairi\u00e8re foresti\u00e8re\u2014Nature et r\u00f4le des rencontres intergroupes dans sa dynamique","author":"Levr\u00e9ro F","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"Inter\u2010groups encounters in a western lowland gorilla population (G. g. gorilla)","volume":"75","author":"Levr\u00e9ro F","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia Primatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"LewisI.1999.Discrimination and access to health care: the case of nomadic forest hunter\u2010gatherers in Africa. MSc Dissertation. University of London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02557597"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7-Supplement_2.S305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.03.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10295"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.10034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:1<1::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Causes of death and diseases of gorillas in the wild","volume":"2","author":"Meder A","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gorilla J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"Yaws","volume":"38","author":"Nagreh DS","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03327333","article-title":"Gender\u2010related behaviors in group\u2010living stumptail macaques","volume":"16","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen K","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychobiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.442","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in people sharing habitats with free\u2010ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), Uganda","volume":"66","author":"Nizeyi JB","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6264606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050660"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Yaws origin","author":"Rose M","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040533"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01485.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Mountain gorilla update","volume":"23","author":"Sholley CR","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511661631.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)47:4<263::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7-Supplement_2.S314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511752414.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00833.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020879700286"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01566"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02193694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3219-3225.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139165105.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605302000224"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02373962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2265574"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.20560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.20560","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T12:24:28Z","timestamp":1700051068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.20560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.20560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.20560","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}}}