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Much of the basis for these trends originates from populations where skeletal correlates of activity patterns are known (e.g., cross\u2010sectional geometric properties of long bones), but in which activity patterns are inferred using evidence such as archaeological records (e.g., Pleistocene Europe). Australian hunter\u2010gatherers provide an opportunity to critically assess these ideas since ethnographic documentation of their activity patterns is available. We address the following questions: do skeletal indicators of Australian hunter\u2010gatherers express elevated postcranial robusticity and sexually dimorphic mobility relative to populations from similar latitudes, and do ethnographic accounts support these findings. Using computed tomography, cross\u2010sectional images were obtained from 149 skeletal elements including humeri, radii, ulnae, femora, and tibiae. Cross\u2010sectional geometric properties were calculated from image data and standardized for body size. Australian hunter\u2010gatherers often have reduced robusticity at femoral and humeral midshafts relative to forager (Khoi\u2010San), agricultural\/industrialized (Zulu), and industrialized (African American) groups. Australian hunter\u2010gatherers display more sexual dimorphism in upper limb robusticity than lower limb robusticity. Attributing specific behavioral causes to upper limb sexual dimorphism is premature, although ethnographic accounts support sex\u2010specific differences in tool use. Virtually absent sexual dimorphism in lower limb robusticity is consistent with ethnographic accounts of equivalently high mobility among females and males. Thus, elevated postcranial robusticity and sexually dimorphic mobility do not always characterize hunter\u2010gatherers. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,14]],"date-time":"2007-05-14T12:49:09Z","timestamp":1179146949000},"page":"9-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Robusticity and sexual dimorphism in the postcranium of modern hunter\u2010gatherers from Australia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Kristian J.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick E.","family":"Grine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osbjorn M.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"The original Australians","author":"Abbie AA","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","series-title":"Studies in physical anthropology","author":"Abbie AA","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","series-title":"Human biology series no. 6","first-page":"211","volume-title":"The origin of the Australians","author":"Abbie AA","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanical stress, functional adaptation and the variation structure of the human femur diaphysis","volume":"44","author":"Amtmann E","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ergebnisse, Anatomie, und Entwicklungsgeschichte"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657700500303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/240046a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00101-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01142.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200107000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5962\/p.358946","article-title":"Of the Aborigines inhabiting the great lacustrine and riverine depression of the Lower Murray, Lower Murrumbidgee, Lower Lachlan, and Lower Darling","volume":"17","author":"Beveridge P","year":"1883","journal-title":"J Proc R Soc New South Wales"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Constructing frames of reference\u2014an analytical method for archaeological theory building using hunter\u2010gatherer and environmental data sets","author":"Binford LR","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051670102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00438243.1970.9979463"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"343","volume-title":"Culture and the evolution of man","author":"Brace CL","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"The hunters or the hunted?","author":"Brain CK","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"160","volume-title":"Anthropologie","author":"Br\u00e4uer G","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Structural changes of the arms associated with habitual grinding of corn","volume":"66","author":"Bridges PS","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/203756"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1959.61.3.02a00080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","series-title":"Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, No. 44","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains","author":"Buikstra JE","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(96)00028-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00707-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"CarlsonKJ.2002.Shape and material properties of African pongid femora and humeri: their relationship to observed positional behaviors. 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