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Trepanations were found in 66 individuals, with several individuals exhibiting more than one trepanation, for a total of 109 perforations observed. The predominant methods used were circular cutting and scraping\u2014methods that proved highly successful with an overall 83% survival rate and little ensuing infection. Survival rates showed a significant increase over time, apparently reflecting improvements in trepanation technique through experimentation and practical experience. Practitioners avoided certain areas of the cranium and employed methods that reduced the likelihood of damage to the cerebral meninges and venous sinuses. In many cases, trepanation as a medical treatment appears to have been prompted by cranial trauma, a finding that corroborates other studies pointing to cranial trauma as a primary motivation for the surgical procedure. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,3]],"date-time":"2008-04-03T14:30:46Z","timestamp":1207233046000},"page":"4-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Prehistoric trepanation in the Cuzco region of Peru: A view into an ancient Andean practice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Valerie A.","family":"Andrushko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Verano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"AndrushkoVA.2007.The bioarchaeology of Inca imperialism in the heartland: an analysis of prehistoric burials from the Cuzco region of Peru. 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