{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:25:20Z","timestamp":1791087920503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,18]],"date-time":"2008-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1219017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since its discovery in southeastern Uzbekistan in 1938, the Teshik\u2010Tash child has been considered a Neandertal. Its affinity is important to studies of Late Pleistocene hominin growth and development as well as interpretations of the Central Asian Middle Paleolithic and the geographic distribution of Neandertals. A close examination of the original Russian monograph reveals the incompleteness of key morphologies associated with the cranial base and face and problems with the reconstruction of the Teshik\u2010Tash cranium, making its Neandertal attribution less certain than previously assumed. This study reassesses the Neandertal status of Teshik\u2010Tash 1 by comparing it to a sample of Neandertal, Middle and Upper Paleolithic modern humans, and recent human sub\u2010adults. Separate examinations of the cranium and mandible are conducted using multinomial logistic regression and discriminant function analysis to assess group membership. Results of the cranial analysis group Teshik\u2010Tash with Upper Paleolithic modern humans when variables are not size\u2010standardized, while results of the mandibular analysis place the specimen with recent modern humans for both raw and size\u2010standardized data. Although these results are influenced by limitations related to the incomplete nature of the comparative sample, they suggest that the morphology of Teshik\u2010Tash 1 as expressed in craniometrics is equivocal. Although, further quantitative studies as well as additional sub\u2010adult fossil finds from this region are needed to ascertain the morphological pattern of this specimen specifically, and Central Asian Middle Paleolithic hominins in general, these results challenge current characterizations of this territory as the eastern boundary of the Neandertal range during the Late Pleistocene. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,18]],"date-time":"2008-08-18T20:46:43Z","timestamp":1219092403000},"page":"45-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Is Central Asia the eastern outpost of the Neandertal range? A reassessment of the Teshik\u2010Tash child"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Glantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Athreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrence","family":"Ritzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02436412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124100028003003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","article-title":"The affinity of the dental remains from Obi\u2010Rakhmat Grotto, Uzbekistan","author":"Bailey S","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"BlackwellB MianA BaboumianS BlicksteinJ SkinnerA WrinnP KrivoshapkinA DereviankoA WagnerJ PatchettP.2006. Settling the age dispute for the Late Middle Paleolithic at the Obi\u2010Rakhmat hominid site Uzbekistan. Paper presented at the Paleoanthropology Society Meeting San Juan April 24\u201326. Published online athttp:\/\/www.paleoanthro.org\/journal\/content\/PAS2006A.pdf(Abstract)."},{"issue":"46","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Mousterian children from Teshik\u2010Tash and Staroselie: a 3D geometric morphometric analysis","volume":"135","author":"Bulygina E","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"CaspariR.2006. Are the suprainiac fossae of Upper Paleolithic Europeans homologous to those of the Neandertals? Paper presented at the Paleoanthropology Society Meeting. San Juan Puerto Rico April 24\u201326. Published online athttp:\/\/www.paleoanthro.org\/journal\/content\/PAS2006A.pdf(Abstract)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3406\/pal.1996.903","article-title":"L'os frontal immature de La Chaise S. 15 (Abri Suard, La Chaise de Vouthon, Charent) phylogenie et pathologie","volume":"8","author":"Coqueugnoit H","year":"1996","journal-title":"Paleo"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/72.2.241"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:5<186::AID-EVAN6>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"On anthropological peculiarities of the human skeleton from Teshik\u2010Tash Cave","volume":"5","author":"Debetz GF","year":"1940","journal-title":"Trans Uzbekistan Branch USSR Acad Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Grot Obi\u2010Rakhmat Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch","author":"Derevianko AP","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1975.10480319","article-title":"The efficiency of logistic regression compared to normal discriminant analysis","volume":"70","author":"Efron B","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.25.1.275"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(03)00062-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1995.1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/203725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"GlantzM TostevinG SuleimanovR RitzmanT AdamsJ DerrK.2006.The chronological context of Middle Paleolithic deposits at Anghilak Cave Uzbekistan. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Society Annual Meeting San Juan Puerto Rico April26\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","article-title":"New hominin remains from Uzbekistan","author":"Glantz M","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Anghilak Cave. Uzbekistan: documenting Neandertal occupation at the periphery","volume":"77","author":"Glantz MM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Teshik\u2010Tash: Paleolithic Man","author":"Gremyatskii MA","year":"1949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"The evolutionary significance of variation and varieties of \u201cNeanderthal Man\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Howell FC","year":"1957","journal-title":"Q Rev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.90.2335.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10108"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Racial types from Tepe Hissar, Iran from the late fifth to the early second millennium B.C. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke nederlandische akademie van wetenschappen","volume":"39","author":"Krogman WM","year":"1940","journal-title":"Afeeling natuurkunde (Tweedie Sectie)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"KrovitzGE.2000.Three dimensional comparisons of craniofacial morphology and growth patterns in Neandertals and modern humans. Ph.D. dissertation Maryland Johns Hopkins University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542565.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/72.3.497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Regression models for categorical dependent variables using stata","author":"Long JS","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0312"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"The Stone Age of Mount Carmel","author":"McCown T","year":"1939"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Minugh\u2010PurvisN.1988.Patterns of craniofacial growth and development in Upper Pleistocene hominids. Ph.D. dissertation. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801867323","volume-title":"Human evolution through developmental change","author":"Minugh\u2010Purvis N","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"The most eastern neandertal: deciphering the morphology of Teshik\u2010Tash","volume":"18","author":"Minugh\u2010Purvis N","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"The Mousterian cave of Teshik\u2010Tash, southeastern Uzbekistan, Central Asia","volume":"17","author":"Movius HL","year":"1953","journal-title":"Bull Am School Prehistoric Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","first-page":"256","article-title":"Nakhodka Neandertal'tsa v Uzbekistane","volume":"1","author":"Okladnikov AP","year":"1939","journal-title":"Vestnik Drevnei Istorii"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Teshik\u2010Tash: Paleolithic Man","author":"Okladnikov AP","year":"1949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35087573"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5121-0_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1978.10480080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10131"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204366"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/202265"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1948.tb00008.x","article-title":"The utilization of multiple measurements in problems of biological classifications","volume":"10","author":"Rao CR","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc, Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","unstructured":"Reinhart\u2010WallerG.1991. The Alekseev manuscript. Available atwww.drummingnet.com\/alekseev\/Tableofcontents.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Multivariate morphometrics","author":"Reyment RA","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"RitzmanT.2005.Opening the stone: a multivariate reassessment of the neandertal status of the Teshik\u2010Tash child. Masters thesis Fort Collins Colorado Colorado State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"RitzmanT GlantzM AthreyaS.2006. Opening the stone: a multivariate reassessment of the Neandertal status of the Teshik\u2010Tash Child. Paper presented at the Paleoanthropology Society Meetings. San Juan Puerto Rico April 24\u201326. Published online athttp:\/\/www.paleoanthro.org\/journal\/content\/PAS2006A.pdf(Abstract)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Teshik\u2010Tash: Paleolithic Man","author":"Rohklin DG","year":"1949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"NORM: Multiple imputation of incomplete multivariate data under a normal model","author":"Schafer JL","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3304_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","series-title":"The human fossil record","author":"Schwartz JH","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.1310070310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Atlas of radiographs of early man","author":"Skinner M","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/202920"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330320504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Biological anthropology","author":"Stanford C","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Intercooled stata 8.0","author":"StataCorp","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2003)023[0284:EOTPAE]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"In search of the Neanderthals","author":"Stringer CB","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","first-page":"286","volume-title":"The evolution of modern humans: evidence from young Mousterian individuals","author":"Tillier A\u2010M","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Les Enfants Moust\u00e9riens de Qafzeh: interpr\u00e9tation Phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tique et Pal\u00e9oauxologique","author":"Tillier A\u2010M","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004425"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Variability in the position of the mandibular mental foramen and the identification of Neandertal apomorphies","volume":"71","author":"Trinkaus E","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rivista di Antropologia (Roma)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.34.030905.154913"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504165"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Pal\u00e4olithische Menschenreste aus der Sowjetunion: Das Mousterian\u2010Kind von Staroselje (Krim)","volume":"47","author":"Ullrich H","year":"1955","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Morphologie und Anthropologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"The evolution and dispersal of modern humans in Asia","author":"Vandermeersch B","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022538427684"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"WaymanJC.2003.Multiple imputation for missing data: what is it and how can I use it? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association Chicago IL."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330030211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Patterns of growth development in the genus Homo","author":"Williams FL","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","first-page":"405","volume-title":"Human evolution through developmental change","author":"Williams FL","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Paleoanthropology","author":"Wolpoff MH","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10432"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5502.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","unstructured":"YuanYC.2000.Multiple imputation for missing data: concepts and new developments. Proceedings of the Twenty\u2010Fifth Annual SAS Users Group International Conference Paper No 267\u201325. Cary NC: SAS Institute."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.20897","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.20897","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T15:23:16Z","timestamp":1738336996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.20897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,18]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.20897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.20897","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,18]]}}}