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In this study, the regional diversity of the Jomon skeletal series was estimated by applying the R\u2010matrix method to 34 craniofacial measurements. The patterns of intraregional variation indicate little effect on the genetic structure of the Jomon from long\u2010term gene flow stemming from an outside source. The regional diversities were further estimated by pooling all individuals into regional aggregates, and by computing the mean variance within local groups in each region. Although the pattern of phenotypic variation differs depending on the unit of analysis, the gradient of the diversity retains its identity. The Hokkaido region, the northernmost part of the Japanese archipelago, has the highest variance, followed by the regions of eastern Japan, while the southwestern regions have the lowest variance. These findings suggest that the Jomon ancestors of the northern part of Japan might have expanded southward to Honshu Island. Global analyses including samples from Eurasia, Africa, and Australia dating roughly to the same chronological periods as those of the Jomon samples, indicate that the Jomon cranial series share part of their ancestral gene pool with early northeastern Asians. The present findings support the archeologically suggested population growth and expansion in the northern half of the Eurasian continent during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene periods. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T19:45:34Z","timestamp":1230752734000},"page":"311-322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Regional differences in craniofacial diversity and the population history of Jomon Japan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Tsunehiko","family":"Hanihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origin of Native Americans","author":"Adachi N","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"The origin of Ryukyuans","author":"Asato S","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4116\/jaqua.30.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/130.1.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4516"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330780110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330820310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.171305898"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"160","volume-title":"Anthropologie: Handbuch der Vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen, Band I","author":"Br\u00e4uer G","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Coobool Creek: a morphological and metrical analysis of the crania, mandibles, and dentitions of a prehistoric Australian human population. 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