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We test the hypothesis that Spanish colonization negatively impacted indigenous diet. Diachronic relationships of oral health were examined from the dentitions of 203 late\u2010pre\u2010Hispanic and 175 colonial\u2010period Mochica individuals from M\u00f3rrope, Lambayeque, to include observations of dental caries, antemortem tooth loss, alveolar inflammation, dental calculus, periodontitis, and dental wear.<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests and odds ratio analyses across six age classes indicate a range of statistically significant postcontact increases in dental caries, antemortem tooth loss, and dental calculus prevalence. These findings are associated with ethnohistoric contexts that point to colonial\u2010era economic reorganization which restricted access to multiple traditional food sources. We infer that oral health changes reflect creative Mochica cultural adjustments to dietary shortfalls through the consumption of a greater proportion of dietary carbohydrates. Simultaneously, independent skeletal indicators of biological stress suggest that these adjustments bore a cost in increased nutritional stress. Oral health appears to have been systematically worse among colonial women. We rule out an underlying biological cause (female fertility variation) and suggest that the establishment of European gender ideologies and divisions of labor possibly exposed colonial Mochica women to a more cariogenic diet. Overall, dietary change in M\u00f3rrope appears shaped by local responses to a convergence of colonial Spanish economic agendas, landscape transformation, and social changes during the postcontact transition in northern Peru. These findings also further the understandings of dietary and biocultural histories of the Western Hemisphere. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,16]],"date-time":"2009-11-16T23:23:03Z","timestamp":1258413783000},"page":"594-609","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Oral health and the postcontact adaptive transition: A contextual reconstruction of diet in M\u00f3rrope, Peru"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Haagen D.","family":"Klaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel E.","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"515","volume-title":"Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture","author":"Allison MJ","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Oral health: diet and other factors","author":"Arnes U","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.859"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Beyond death: the Chinchorro mummies of ancient Chile","author":"Arriaza BT","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"34","volume-title":"In the wake of contact: biological responses to conquest","author":"Baker BJ","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Bioarchaeology of Native American adaptation in the Spanish borderlands","author":"Baker BJ","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"531","volume-title":"Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture","author":"Benfer RA","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Digging up bones","author":"Brothwell DR","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Estudios monogr\u00e1phicas del departmento de Lamabyeque","author":"Br\u00fcning HH","year":"1922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/281750"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains","author":"Buikstra JE","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Advances in dental anthropology","author":"Clarke NG","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture","author":"Cohen MN","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Ancient health: skeletal indicators of agricultural and economic intensification","author":"Cohen MN","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520\u20131620","author":"Cook ND","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"In the wake of contact: biological responses to conquest","author":"Cybulski JS","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199709\/10)7:5<548::AID-OA369>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"FarnumJF.2002.Biological consequences of social inequalities in prehistoric Peru. 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