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The pathological evidence includes an extensive area of lytic destruction to the frontal bone of the skull, widespread profuse bilateral symmetrical periosteal reaction affecting scapulae, clavicles, arms, legs, hands, feet and ribs. There is also evidence of gummatous destruction on some of the long bones. Application of a differential diagnosis of all probable diseases exhibiting the individual symptoms leads to a clear conclusion that the person was infected with a treponemal pathogen. The skeleton shows none of the stigmata associated with the congenital form of treponemal disease. We propose that the evidence suggests a possible case of venereal syphilis rather than one of the endemic forms of treponemal disease. This diagnosis is based on the geographical pathogen range, the apparent low prevalence of the disease, significant social upheaval at the time, the high social status and early age of death of the individual. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]],"date-time":"2010-08-18T17:56:07Z","timestamp":1282154167000},"page":"72-79","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Apple Down 152: A putative case of syphilis from sixth century AD Anglo\u2010Saxon England"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Garrard","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Waldron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01513-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/203691"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1640","volume-title":"Internal medicine","author":"Bangsberg D","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Human osteology: a laboratory and field manual","author":"Bass WM","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12754J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2004.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.606"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","series-title":"Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 44","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains","author":"Buikstra JE","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"519","volume-title":"Whithorn and St Ninian","author":"Cardy A","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.069377"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"The Cemetery of St. Helen\u2010on\u2010the\u2010Walls, Aldwark","author":"Dawes JD","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330700103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","series-title":"Chichester excavations","volume-title":"Apple Down and the Mardens","author":"Down A","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.127.5.789"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Buried with the Friars","volume":"53","author":"Evans D","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br Archaeol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2005.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39085.518148.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4810.594"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432525"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"106","volume-title":"Disease in ancient man: an international symposium","author":"Hackett CJ","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","series-title":"Chichester excavations","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Apple Down and the Mardens","author":"Harman M","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"672","article-title":"Acute manifestations of yaws of bone and joint","volume":"26","author":"Heleft AJ","year":"1944","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Am)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139170697"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1946.s1-26.135","article-title":"A Unitarian view of treponematosis","volume":"26","author":"Hudson EH","year":"1946","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg s1\u2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"The rise and fall of the treponematoses. 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