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Although previous studies have demonstrated an increase in rates of violence during the subsequent Regional Developments Period (AD 1000\u20131400), this does not mean that the Middle Period was a time of peace and tranquility. Here, the prevalence of violence in four contemporary cemeteries is analyzed, exploring potential sources of conflict, including social inequality. Cranial trauma was documented through the presence, location, size, and state of healing of all wounds and was found in 14.7% of the sample (61\/415; including two cases of perimortem trauma). Skeletal remains were also analyzed for demographic data to investigate differences in patterns of violence related to sex and age. Notably, most of the trauma centered on the anterior portion of the skull, suggesting the prominence of face\u2010to\u2010face confrontations that involved both sexes. Correlations between trauma and items in the mortuary assemblage that may have been associated with prestige or an elevated social standing in two cemeteries from the Solcor ayllu indicate that individuals from the more elite cemetery were subjected to significantly less traumatic injury. These data suggest that people did not share equally in the benefits of this period's affluence and that there were tensions in Atacame\u00f1o society despite seemingly widespread prosperity. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]],"date-time":"2011-06-30T12:29:36Z","timestamp":1309436976000},"page":"28-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Hiding inequality beneath prosperity: Patterns of cranial injury in middle period San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Torres\u2010Rouff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Pathways of memory and power: ethnography and history among an Andean people","author":"Abercrombie TA","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6300-0_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425660"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021905918886"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Rol social de los metales en San Pedro de Atacama","author":"Bar\u00f3n AM","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"Tiwanaku. 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