{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:59:34Z","timestamp":1792061974947,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,30]],"date-time":"2011-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ancient skeletal remains can harbor unique information about past civilizations at both the morphological and molecular levels. For instance, a number of diseases manifest in bone, some of which have been confirmed through DNA analysis, verifying their presence in ancient populations. In this study, anthropological analysis of skeletal remains from the ancient Albanian city of Butrint identified individuals with severe circular lytic lesions on their thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Differential diagnosis suggested that the lesions resulted from pathologies known to affect these skeletal regions, such as tuberculosis (TB) or brucellosis. Relevant bones of two adolescent males from the 10th to 13th century AD that displayed the lesions, along with unaffected individuals, were collected in the field. Genetic screening of the skeletal samples for TB was repeatedly negative, thus additional testing for<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>spp.\u2014bacteria of livestock and the causative agent of brucellosis in humans\u2014was conducted. Two Brucella DNA markers, the<jats:italic>IS6501<\/jats:italic>insertion element and<jats:italic>Bcsp31<\/jats:italic>gene, amplified from the affected vertebrae and\/or ribs, whereas all unaffected individuals and control samples were negative. Subsequent DNA sequencing confirmed the presence of the brucellar<jats:italic>IS6501<\/jats:italic>insertion element. On the basis of the skeletal lesions, negative tests for TB, and positive Brucella findings, we report a confirmed occurrence of brucellosis in archaeologically recovered human bone. These findings suggest that brucellosis has been endemic to the area since at least the Middle Ages. Am J Phys Anthropol 147:254\u2013263, 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,30]],"date-time":"2011-12-30T10:44:50Z","timestamp":1325241890000},"page":"254-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Osteological and molecular identification of brucellosis in ancient Butrint, Albania"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Mutolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey L.","family":"Jenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda R.","family":"Buszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd W.","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Foran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals","author":"Acha P","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/290457a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"The first evidence of brucellosis from British skeletal material","volume":"15","author":"Anderson T","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Paleopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","volume-title":"SYBR green PCR master mix and RT\u2010PCR reagents protocol","author":"Applied Biosystems","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","volume-title":"The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology","author":"Aufderheide AC","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.5.656"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Butrint 3: excavations at the Triconch Palace","author":"Bowden W","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Arkansas archaeological report research series no. 44","author":"Buikstra J","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00228-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199909\/10)9:5<277::AID-OA489>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2002.0996"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B1.1991738","article-title":"Brucellar and tuberculous spondylitis: a comparative study of their clinical features","volume":"73","author":"Cordero M","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.843"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Advances in human palaeopathology","author":"Donoghue H","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"610","article-title":"Brucellosis in children of Dhofar Region, Oman","volume":"22","author":"El\u2010Amin EO","year":"2001","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Vertebral epiphysitis; early signs of brucellar disease","volume":"6","author":"Etxeberria F","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Paleopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.57187\/smw.2002.09900","article-title":"Musculoskeletal involvement of brucellosis in different age groups: a study of 195 cases","volume":"132","author":"Geyik MF","year":"2002","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800630408"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(82)90064-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003426"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Byzantine Butrint: excavations and surveys 1994\u20131999","author":"Hodges R","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","unstructured":"Integrated Archaeological Database.2011. Butrint Foundation\u2010Albania. Available from:http:\/\/www.iadb.co.uk\/butrint\/[Accessed 28 September 2011]."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330650206"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11018J","article-title":"Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: white females","volume":"30","author":"I\u015fcan MY","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Brucellar spondylitis (Pedro\u2010Pons' sign)","volume":"120","author":"Karabay O","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Zeal Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1960.03030040001001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B3.3997939","article-title":"Spinal brucellosis","volume":"67","author":"Lifeso RM","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330680103"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/50.3.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.903"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1042"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10099"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","volume-title":"Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains","author":"Ortner DJ","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.29.1.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-139-12-3265"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.37.110801.143214"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70382-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330300214"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75855-6_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","volume-title":"The juvenile skeleton","author":"Scheuer L","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.171.2.2704806"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Brucellosis: a case report dating from 650\u2013700AD","volume":"38","author":"Souli\u00e9 R","year":"1982","journal-title":"Palaeopathol Newsl"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801835742","volume-title":"The ancient Roman city","author":"Stambaugh J","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","volume-title":"Paleopathological diagnosis and interpretation: bone diseases in ancient human populations","author":"Steinbock RT","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","first-page":"204","volume-title":"Forensic osteology: advances in the identification of human remains","author":"Suchey JM","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2002.1000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","volume-title":"Human skeletal remains: excavation, analysis, interpretation. Revised edition","author":"Ubelaker DH","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","volume-title":"Human remains from Voegtly Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Series, Number 46","author":"Ubelaker DH","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Die Pathologishe Anatomie der Hamatogenen Osteomyelitis","volume":"41","author":"Uhlinger E","year":"1970","journal-title":"Der Chirung"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","unstructured":"United Nations Educational Scientific And Cultural Organization (UNESCO).1999. Butrint Albania: Advisory Board Evaluation. Available from:http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/archive\/advisory_body_evaluation\/570bis.pdf[Accessed 19 September 2011]."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01102.x"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.21643","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.21643","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T21:43:31Z","timestamp":1713303811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.21643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.21643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.21643","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,30]]}}}