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This funerary ritual has traditionally been interpreted as a form of ancestor\u2010veneration. However, this study of the cranial caches found at the site of Tell Qarassa North, South Syria, dated in the second half of the ninth millennium BC, questions this interpretation. The 12 crania, found in two groups arranged in two circles on the floor of a room, belonged to male individuals, apart from one child and one preadolescent. In 10 of the 11 cases, the facial skeletons were deliberately mutilated. In the context of the Pre\u2010Pottery Neolithic B, when the symbolism of the human face played a vital role in ritual practice, this mutilation of the facial skeleton could be interpreted as an act of hostility. In the absence of indicators of social stratification or signs of violence that might indicate more coercive forms of society, the veneration of ancestors has been explained as a mechanism for social cohesion, which would have been necessary in a context of rapid growth in the population of settlements. However, data on the negative nature of some funerary rites, of punishment or indifference rather than veneration, should make us question an over\u2010idealized view of the first Neolithic societies. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:205\u2013216, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]],"date-time":"2012-07-11T07:07:23Z","timestamp":1341990443000},"page":"205-216","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Crania with mutilated facial skeletons: A new ritual treatment in an early Pre\u2010Pottery Neolithic B cranial cache at Tell Qarassa North (South Syria)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Braemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0079497X00008045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1995.0016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ArensburgB HershkovitzI.1989. 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