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The relationship between CSG properties calculated from external contours and \u201ctrue\u201d (endosteal and periosteal) CSG properties, however, has yet to be examined along the whole diaphysis. Cross\u2010sectional computed tomography scans were taken from 21 locations along humeral, femoral, and tibial diaphyses in 20 adults from a late prehistoric central Illinois Valley cemetery. Mechanical properties calculated from images with (a) artificially filled medullary cavities (\u201csolid\u201d) and (b) true unaltered cross\u2010sections were compared at each section location using least squares regression. Results indicate that, in this sample, polar second moments of area (<jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic>), polar section moduli (<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>), and cross\u2010sectional shape (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>min<\/jats:sub>) calculated from periosteal contours correspond strongly with those calculated from cross\u2010sections that include the medullary cavity. Correlations are high throughout most of the humeral diaphysis and throughout large portions of femoral and tibial diaphyses (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.855\u20130.998, all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001, %SEE \u2264 8.0, %PE \u2264 5.0), the major exception being the proximal quarter of the tibial diaphysis for <jats:italic>J<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>. The main source of error was identified as variation in %CA. Results reveal that CSG properties quantified from periosteal contours provide comparable results to (and are likely to detect the same differences among individuals as) true CSG properties along large portions of long bone diaphyses. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T11:08:14Z","timestamp":1359457694000},"page":"442-452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Periosteal versus true cross\u2010sectional geometry: A comparison along humeral, femoral, and tibial diaphyses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Alison A.","family":"Macintosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin N.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay T.","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.238.705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092320118"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542428.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.9.7633","article-title":"Dietary protein restriction lowers plasma insulin\u2010like growth factor 1 (IGF\u20101), impairs cortical bone formation, and induces osteoblastic resistance to IGF\u20101 in adult female rats","volume":"141","author":"Bourrin S","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-008-9297-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20617"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(72)90053-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-012-0101-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"Basic biomechanics of the skeletal system","author":"Frankel V","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"639","article-title":"Subperiosteal and endosteal bone apposition during adolescence","volume":"42","author":"Frisancho AR","year":"1970","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30477-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330300120"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.145.3639.1444"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Patterns of cortical bone growth in moderately malnourished preschool children","volume":"47","author":"Himes JH","year":"1975","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21554"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(82)90036-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330620206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1980.tb04243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02406134"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90026-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(82)90246-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90003-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21076"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Archaeological investigations at the Morton Village and Norris Farms 36 Cemetery, Reports of Investigations 45","author":"Milner G","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317382"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330600105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1978.4310039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","unstructured":"RockholdLA.1998. 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