{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:57:59Z","timestamp":1789739879756,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]],"date-time":"2013-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The most common live\u2010born human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome (DS). Dosage imbalance of genes on chromosome 21 (Hsa21) affects complex gene\u2010regulatory interactions and alters development to produce a wide range of phenotypes, including characteristic facial dysmorphology. Little is known about how trisomy 21 alters craniofacial morphogenesis to create this characteristic appearance. Proponents of the \"amplified developmental instability\" hypothesis argue that trisomy 21 causes a generalized genetic imbalance that disrupts evolutionarily conserved developmental pathways by decreasing developmental homeostasis and precision throughout development. Based on this model, we test the hypothesis that DS faces exhibit increased developmental instability relative to euploid individuals. Developmental instability was assessed by a statistical analysis of fluctuating asymmetry. We compared the magnitude and patterns of fluctuating asymmetry among siblings using three\u2010dimensional coordinate locations of 20 anatomic landmarks collected from facial surface reconstructions in four age\u2010matched samples ranging from 4 to 12 years: 1) DS individuals (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200955); 2) biological siblings of DS individuals (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200955); 3) and 4) two samples of typically developing individuals (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200955 for each sample), who are euploid siblings and age\u2010matched to the DS individuals and their euploid siblings (samples 1 and 2). Identification in the DS sample of facial prominences exhibiting increased fluctuating asymmetry during facial morphogenesis provides evidence for increased developmental instability in DS faces. We found the highest developmental instability in facial structures derived from the mandibular prominence and lowest in facial regions derived from the frontal prominence. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:49\u201357, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]],"date-time":"2013-03-15T17:40:55Z","timestamp":1363369255000},"page":"49-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Trisomy 21 and facial developmental instability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"John M.","family":"Starbuck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University University Park  PA 16802"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Theodore M.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Science School of Medicine University of Missouri\u2010Kansas City Kansas City MO 64108"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger 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