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This study develops a sex estimation technique from discriminant function analysis of the bony labyrinth as it matures before puberty and can survive taphonomic conditions that would destroy most other skeletal material. The bony labyrinth contains the organs of hearing and balance. For this reason biologists and paleoanthropologists have undertaken research in this area to understand evolutionary changes in locomotion. Prior studies have found clear differences between species, but within\u2010species variation has not been satisfactorily investigated. 3D segmentations of the left and right labyrinths of 94 individuals from a Cretan collection were generated and measured. Mean measurements of height, width, size, and shape indices were analyzed for sexual dimorphism, bilateral asymmetry, and measurement error. Significant sexual dimorphism was detected for several measurements. For sex estimation, the single best variable was the radius of curvature of the posterior semicircular canal, which achieved 76% accuracy. Two multivariate functions increased accuracy to 84%. Although these equations are less accurate than equations for complete long bones and crania, they appear to be as accurate as or better than other techniques for sexing immature individuals and temporal bones. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:290\u2013301, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,2]],"date-time":"2013-05-02T21:15:30Z","timestamp":1367529330000},"page":"290-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Sexual dimorphism of the bony labyrinth: A new age\u2010independent method"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"151","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Osipov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Unit for Forensic Anthropology School of History Classics and Archaeology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Harvati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoanthropology, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology and Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen 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