{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:05:53Z","timestamp":1785546353541,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous analyses of hand morphology in <jats:italic>Australopithecus afarensis<\/jats:italic> have concluded that this taxon had modern human\u2010like manual proportions, with relatively long thumbs and short fingers. These conclusions are based on the A.L.333 composite fossil assemblage from Hadar, Ethiopia, and are premised on the ability to assign phalanges to a single individual, and to the correct side and digit. Neither assignment is secure, however, given the taphonomy and sample composition at A.L.333. We use a resampling approach that includes the entire assemblage of complete hand elements at Hadar, and takes into account uncertainties in identifying phalanges by individual, side and digit number. This approach provides the most conservative estimates of manual proportions in <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic>. We resampled hand long bone lengths in <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic> and extant hominoids, and obtained confidence limits for distributions of manual proportions in the latter. Results confirm that intrinsic manual proportions in <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic> are dissimilar to <jats:italic>Pan<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pongo<\/jats:italic>. However, manual proportions in <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic> often fall at the upper end of the distribution in <jats:italic>Gorilla<\/jats:italic>, and very lower end in <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>, corresponding to disproportionately short thumbs and long medial digits in <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>. This suggests that manual proportions in <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic>, particularly metacarpal proportions, were not as derived towards <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> as previously described, but rather are intermediate between gorillas and humans. Functionally, these results suggest <jats:italic>Au. afarensis<\/jats:italic> could not produce precision grips with the same efficiency as modern humans, which may in part account for the absence of lithic technology in this fossil taxon. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:393\u2013406, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,8]],"date-time":"2013-10-08T16:18:17Z","timestamp":1381249097000},"page":"393-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Reassessing manual proportions in <i>Australopithecus afarensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Campbell","family":"Rolian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada T2N4N1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam D.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University at Albany\u2014SUNY Albany NY 12222"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(02)00207-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330570410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350310402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350120104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"477","article-title":"Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3\u2010million\u2010year\u2010old Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein","volume":"95","author":"Clarke RJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1978.tb04628.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330910107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2002.0603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330870108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","volume-title":"Lucy, the beginnings of humankind","author":"Johanson DC","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330570403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330570402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(80)90085-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330380608"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202625"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Origine(s) de la bip\u00e9die chez les hominid\u00e9s","author":"Latimer B","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1188-118"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","volume-title":"Randomization, bootstrap, and Monte Carlo methods in biology","author":"Manly BFJ","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(86)80027-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(83)80025-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199701)102:1<91::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"S54","article-title":"Unexpected pollex and hallux use in wild Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii","volume":"147","author":"McClure NK","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330870404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09248"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1262-56"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400845910"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02557560"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","unstructured":"RohlfFJ.2005.TPSDig2. 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