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Here we present a study of one East Asian and seven North Asian populations in which we examine the evidence for convergent adaptations of the mid\u2010face to a very cold climate. Our findings indicate that mid\u2010facial morphology is strongly associated with climatic variables that contrast the temperate climate of East Asians and the very cold and dry climate of North Asians. This is also the case when either maxillary or nasal cavity measurements are considered alone. The association remains significant when mtDNA distances among populations are taken into account. The morphological contrasts between populations are consistent with physiological predictions and prior studies of mid\u2010facial cold adaptation in more temperate regions, but among North Asians there appear to be some previously undescribed morphological features that might be considered as adaptive to extreme cold. To investigate this further, analyses of the seven North Asian populations alone suggest that mid\u2010facial morphology remains strongly associated with climate, particularly winter precipitation, contrasting coastal Arctic and continental climates. However, the residual covariation among North Asian mid\u2010facial morphology and climate when genetic distances are considered, is not significant. These findings point to modern adaptations to extreme climate that might be relevant to our understanding of the mid\u2010facial morphology of fossil hominins that lived during glaciations. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:449\u2013462, 2014. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,4]],"date-time":"2013-12-04T10:54:29Z","timestamp":1386154469000},"page":"449-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Extreme climate, rather than population history, explains mid\u2010facial morphology of northern asians"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Andrej","family":"Evteev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 125009 Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Cardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche Universit\u00e0 di Modena e Reggio Emilia 41121 Modena Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences Hull York Medical School, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK"},{"name":"Centre for Forensic Science University of Western Australia Crawley, Perth Western Australia 6009 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Morozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Genetics Laboratory Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119991 Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"O'Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences Hull York Medical School, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Anthropoecology of Northeastern Asia: Chukotka, Kamchatka, the Komandorskiye Islands","author":"Alekseeva TI","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Anthropology of Asiatic part of USSR","author":"Alexeev VP","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Adaptivnye protsessy v populyatsyakh cheloveka","author":"Alexeeva TI","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"AlexeevaTI editor.2005.Antropoekologiya Tsentral'noi Azii Moscow: Nauchnyi Mir [in Russian]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"PERMANOVA: a FORTRAN computer program for permutational multivariate analysis of variance","author":"Anderson MJ","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330790213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"BooksteinFL.2007.Shape coordinates or Procrustes distances? 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