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It is not known, however, whether these relationships only characterize populations with typical Western diets or if they also may develop in groups at the early stages of a dietary transition. Our longitudinal study of traditional rural populations in the Southwest Pacific during a period of extremely rapid modernization in diet and life\u2010styles shows a nascent association between child growth retardation, subsequent growth acceleration, and adult lipid values in spite of a continuing prevalence of very low lipid levels. However, our results do not entirely conform to results from populations with \u201cmodern\u201d diets. Outcome (i.e., young adult) cholesterol and triglyceride levels are more consistently related to initial measures of body fat and growth in body fat measures than with stature, while outcome apo A\u20101 is more consistently related to initial stature or stature growth than to measures of body fat. We suggest this may reflect a pattern characteristic of the initial stages of \u201cmodernization\u201d associated with dietary change, with stronger and more pervasive relationships emerging only later as populations complete the dietary transition. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:551\u2013558, 2014. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,30]],"date-time":"2013-12-30T12:54:48Z","timestamp":1388408088000},"page":"551-558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adult lipids associated with early life growth in traditional melanesian societies undergoing rapid modernization: A longitudinal study of the mid\u201020th century"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Weitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Department Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise Y.","family":"Friedlaender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Department Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan 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