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It is hypothesized that the frequency of violence increases before the Classic Maya collapse and remains high during the Postclassic period. It is also hypothesized that the flat, open terrain was conducive to warfare and resulted in higher trauma frequencies than in other parts of the Maya area. Results show that the frequency of cranial trauma decreases before the Classic collapse and increases in the Postclassic, partially matching the expected chronological trends. The frequency of cranial trauma does not differ significantly from other Maya regions but the pattern does: for all periods, males have more healed injuries than females and they are concentrated on the left side of the anterior of the skull. Some injuries appear to be from small points hafted in wooden clubs. In addition, projectile trauma is evident in a scapula with an embedded arrowhead tip, the first such case reported in a Maya skeleton. Overall, these results suggest greater reliance on open combat and less on raids in this region compared with other parts of the Maya area, possibly due to the flat, open terrain, though the identification of perimortem trauma in both women and men indicates surprise raids on settlements were also practiced. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:140\u2013151, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]],"date-time":"2014-02-12T12:32:08Z","timestamp":1392208328000},"page":"140-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Bioarchaeological investigation of ancient Maya violence and warfare in inland northwest Yucatan, Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Stanley","family":"Serafin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Health and Social Sciences Central Queensland University Rockhampton QLD 4702 Australia"},{"name":"School of Humanities and Languages, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia"},{"name":"Department of Chiropractic Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Peraza","family":"Lope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto 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