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This project investigates whether this selectivity of the Black Death, combined with post\u2010epidemic rising standards of living, led to significant improvements in patterns of skeletal stress markers, and by inference in health, among survivors and their descendants. Patterns of periosteal lesions (which have been previously shown, using hazard analysis, to be associated with elevated risks of mortality in medieval London) are compared between samples from pre\u2010Black Death (<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>. 1,000\u20131,300,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009464) and post\u2010Black Death (<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>. 1,350\u20131,538,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009133) London cemeteries. To avoid the assumptions that stress markers alone provide a direct measure of health and that a change in frequencies of the stress marker by itself indicates changes in health, this study assesses age\u2010patterns of the stress marker to obtain a more nuanced understanding of the population\u2010level effects of an epidemic disease. Age\u2010at\u2010death in these samples is estimated using transition analysis, which provides point estimates of age even for the oldest adults in these samples and thus allows for an examination of physiological stress across the lifespan. The frequency of lesions is significantly higher in the post\u2010Black Death sample, which, at face value, might indicate a general decline in health. However, a significant positive association between age and periosteal lesions, as well as a significantly higher number of older adults in the post\u2010Black Death sample more likely suggests improvements in health following the epidemic. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:260\u2013267, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,17]],"date-time":"2014-04-17T05:44:51Z","timestamp":1397713491000},"page":"260-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Health in post\u2010Black Death London (1350\u20131538): Age patterns of periosteal new bone formation in a post\u2010epidemic population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Sharon N.","family":"DeWitte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03723.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01791.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0289.1996.tb00554.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542428.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.1.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10549"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8561(02)00056-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains: Proceedings of a seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History (Arkansas Archaeology Research Series 44)","author":"Buikstra JE","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"Arnold","article-title":"The Black Death transformed: disease and culture in early Renaissance Europe","author":"Cohn SK","year":"2002","journal-title":"London"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300072100","article-title":"Epidemiology of the Black Death and successive waves of plague","volume":"27","author":"Cohn SK","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med History Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"A bioarchaeological study of medieval burials on the site of St. Mary Spital","author":"Connell B","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.25.102802.124401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2061913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705460105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00141-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12637"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Making a living in the middle ages: the people of Britain 850\u20131520","author":"Dyer C","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198221661.001.0001","volume-title":"An Age of Transition?: Economy and Society in England in the Later Middle Ages","author":"Dyer C","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"70","volume-title":"What mean these bones","author":"Eisenberg LE","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679709003987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Forensic taphonomy: the postmortem fate of human remains","author":"Galloway A","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","first-page":"429","article-title":"Excavations at the Royal Mint site 1986\u20131988","volume":"5","author":"Grainger I","year":"1988","journal-title":"London Archaeologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"The Black Death cemetery, East Smithfield, London. 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