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This is at once an evolutionary and developmental explanation for relatively short snouts in most modern primates. Here, we use histological sections of perinatal nonhuman primates (tamarin, tarsier, loris) to investigate how orbital morphology emerges during ontogeny in selected primates compared to another euarchontan (<jats:italic>Tupaia glis<\/jats:italic>). We annotated serial histological sections for location of osteoclasts or osteoblasts, and used these to create three\u2010dimensional \u201cmodeling maps\u201d showing perinatal growth patterns of the facial skeleton. In addition, in one specimen we transferred annotations from histological sections to CT slices, to create a rotatable 3D volume that shows orbital modeling. Our findings suggest that growth in the competing orbital and neurocranial functional matrices differs among species, influencing modeling patterns. Distinctions among species are observed in the frontal bone, at a shared interface between the endocranial fossa and the orbit. The medial orbital wall is extensively resorptive in primates, whereas the medial orbit is generally depositional in <jats:italic>Tupaia<\/jats:italic>. As hypothesized, the orbital soft tissues encroach on available interorbital space. However, eye size cannot, by itself, explain the extent of reduction of the olfactory recess. In <jats:italic>Loris<\/jats:italic>, the posterior portion of medial orbit differed from the other primates. It showed evidence of outward drift where the olfactory bulb increased in cross\u2010sectional area. We suggest the olfactory bulbs are significant to orbit position in strepsirrhines, influencing an expanded interorbital breadth at early stages of development. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:424\u2013435, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,24]],"date-time":"2014-05-24T05:21:13Z","timestamp":1400908873000},"page":"424-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Mapping bone cell distributions to assess ontogenetic origin of primate midfacial form"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock PA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ethan S.","family":"Kentzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayna M.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Bruening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn D.","family":"Jankord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara J.","family":"Trupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Bonar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dallas Zoo Management Dallas TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Rehorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Slippery Rock University Slippery Rock PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie B.","family":"DeLeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22359"},{"volume-title":"The orbits of arboreal mammals: a reassessment of the arboreal theory of primate evolution","year":"1970","author":"Cartmill M","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"The functional and evolutionary biology of primates","author":"Cartmill M","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Research frontiers in anthropology","author":"Cartmill M","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036097"},{"journal-title":"Anat Rec","article-title":"Mapping the nasal airways: using histology to enhance CT\u2010based three\u2010dimensional reconstruction in Nycticebus","author":"DeLeon VB","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"1078","article-title":"Evolution of primate sensory systems","volume":"281","author":"Dominy NJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"Past, present, and future. 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