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As the only living primate graminivores, gelada monkeys (<jats:italic>Theropithecus gelada<\/jats:italic>) can yield insights into the dietary strategies pursued by extinct grass\u2010 and sedge\u2010eating primates. Past studies of gelada diet were of short duration and occurred in heavily disturbed ecosystems. We conducted a long\u2010term study of gelada feeding ecology in an intact Afroalpine ecosystem at Guassa, Ethiopia. Geladas at Guassa consumed \u226556 plant species, \u226520 invertebrate species, one reptile species, and the eggs of one bird species over a 7\u2010year period. The annual diet consisted of 56.8% graminoid parts, 37.8% forb parts, 2.8% invertebrates, and 2.6% other items, although geladas exhibited wide variability in diet across months at Guassa. Edible forbs were relatively scarce at Guassa but were strongly selected for by geladas. Tall graminoid leaf and tall graminoid seed head consumption correlated positively, and underground food item consumption correlated negatively, with rainfall over time. Geladas at Guassa consumed a species\u2010rich diet dominated by graminoids, but unlike geladas in more disturbed habitats also ate a diversity of forbs and invertebrates along with occasional vertebrate prey. Although graminoids are staple foods for geladas, underground food items are important \u201cfallback foods.\u201d We discuss the implications of our study, the first intensive study of the feeding ecology of the only extant primate graminivore, for understanding the dietary evolution of the theropith and hominin putative graminivores, <jats:italic>Theropithecus oswaldi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Paranthropus boisei<\/jats:italic>. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:1\u201316, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]],"date-time":"2014-07-10T06:21:12Z","timestamp":1404973272000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Gelada feeding ecology in an intact ecosystem at Guassa, Ethiopia: Variability over time and implications for theropith and hominin dietary evolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Fashing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology California State University Fullerton 800 N. State College Boulevard Fullerton CA 92834"},{"name":"Environmental Studies Program California State University Fullerton 800 N. 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State College Boulevard Fullerton CA 92834"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek V.","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Kerby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Polar Center and Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.7351509x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204350"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Foraging for survival: yearling baboons in Africa","author":"Altmann SA","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Common property resource management of an Afro\u2010Alpine habitat supporting a population of the critically endangered Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis)","author":"Ashenafi ZT","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-005-5159-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80206-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Population estimate for geladas (Theropithecus gelada) living in and around the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia","volume":"30","author":"Beehner JC","year":"2007","journal-title":"SINET Ethiopian J Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"88","volume-title":"A guide to Sterkfontein and the cradle of humankind","author":"Berger LR","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"240","volume-title":"Mammals of Africa, Vol. 2, Primates","author":"Bergman TJ","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.1988.tb00960.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Evolution of the human diet","author":"Bunn HT","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02573950"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222571110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1104627108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-008-9261-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Utilization of savanna\u2010based resources by Plio\u2010Pleistocene baboons","volume":"101","author":"Codron D","year":"2005","journal-title":"South Afr J Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00345312"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2011.00176.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218081110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-008-9026-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"344","volume-title":"The timber press guide to succulent plants of the world","author":"Dortort F","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(76)90019-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"250","volume-title":"Primate ecology","author":"Dunbar RIM","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(83)80004-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1998.00156.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155595"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511565540.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9655.2006.00279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-010-0194-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511565540.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311461110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00889349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","unstructured":"GippolitiS HunterC.2008.Theropithecus gelada. 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