{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T11:27:26Z","timestamp":1777980446987,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00c3\u00ada de Cultura y Turismo of the Junta de Castilla y Le\u00c3\u00b3n"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00c3\u00b3n Atapuerca"},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of \u00e2\u20ac\u0153Econom\u00c3\u00ada y Competitividad","award":["CGL2012-38434-C03-01-02-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2012-38434-C03-01-02-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Numerous studies have attempted to identify the presence of uniquely derived (autoapomorphic) Neandertal features. Here, we deal with the medial pterygoid tubercle (MTP), which is usually present on the internal face of the ascending ramus of Neandertal specimens. Our study stems from the identification of a hypertrophied tubercle in ATD6\u201096, an Early Pleistocene mandible recovered from the TD6 level of the Atapuerca\u2010Gran Dolina site and attributed to <jats:italic>Homo antecessor<\/jats:italic>. Our review of the literature and study of numerous original fossil specimens and high quality replicas confirm that the MTP occurs at a high frequency in Neandertals (ca. 89%) and is also present in over half (ca. 55%) of the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos (SH) hominins. In contrast, it is generally absent or minimally developed in other extinct hominins, but can be found in variable frequencies (&lt;ca. 25%) in Pleistocene and recent <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic> samples. The presence of this feature in ATD6\u201096 joins other traits shared by <jats:italic>H. antecessor<\/jats:italic>, the SH hominins and Neandertals. Since the TD6 hominins have been attributed either to MIS 21 or to MIS 25, it seems that a suite of assumed derived Neandertal features appeared in the Early Pleistocene, and they should be interpreted as synapomorphies shared among different taxa. We suggest that <jats:italic>H. antecessor<\/jats:italic>, the SH hominins and Neandertals shared a common ancestor in which these features appeared during the Early Pleistocene. The presence of the MTP in taxa other than <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic> precludes this feature from being a Neandertal autapomorphy. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:102\u2013109, 2015 \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T07:08:36Z","timestamp":1412320116000},"page":"102-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The medial pterygoid tubercle in the Atapuerca Early and Middle Pleistocene mandibles: Evolutionary implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9\u2010Mar\u00eda","family":"Berm\u00fadez de Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana Paseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 09002 Burgos Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Quam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Binghamton University (SUNY) Binghamton NY"},{"name":"Centro Mixto UCM\u2010ISCIII de Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Division of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History New York NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Martin\u00f3n\u2010Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre la Evoluci\u00f3n Humana Paseo de la Sierra de Atapuerca 09002 Burgos Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History New York NY"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Paleontolog\u00eda Dpto. de Geolog\u00eda, Geograf\u00eda y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gracia\u2010T\u00e9llez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History New York NY"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Paleontolog\u00eda Dpto. de Geolog\u00eda, Geograf\u00eda y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Lu\u00eds","family":"Arsuaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History New York NY"},{"name":"Department de Paleontolog\u00eda Fac. 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