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Few studies in high fertility human populations support this hypothesis, and problems of phenotypic correlation can obscure the expected trade\u2010off between reproduction and somatic condition. This cross\u2010sectional study investigates whether greater reproductive effort is associated with reduced calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD) among female Tsimane forager\u2010farmers of lowland Bolivia. We also investigate whether female Tsimane BMD values are lower than sex\u2010 and age\u2010matched US reference values, despite the fact that Tsimane engage in higher physical activity levels that can increase mechanical loading. To measure calcaneal BMD, quantitative ultrasonography was performed on 130 women (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD age\u2009=\u200936.6\u2009\u00b1\u200915.7, range\u2009=\u200915\u201375) that were recruited regardless of past or current reproductive status. Anthropometric and demographic data were collected during routine medical exams. As predicted, higher parity, short inter\u2010birth interval, and earlier age at first birth are associated with reduced BMD among Tsimane women after adjusting for potential confounders. Population\u2010level differences are apparent prior to the onset of reproduction, and age\u2010related decline in BMD is greater among Tsimane compared with American women. Greater cumulative reproductive burden may lower calcaneal BMD individually and jointly with other lifestyle and heritable factors. Fitness impacts of kin transfers in adulthood may determine the value of investments in bone remodeling, and thus affect selection on age\u2010profiles of bone mineral loss. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:637\u2013648, 2015. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,9]],"date-time":"2014-12-09T14:34:06Z","timestamp":1418135646000},"page":"637-648","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Low mineral density of a weight\u2010bearing bone among adult women in a high fertility population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Stieglitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse 31015 Toulouse Cedex 6 France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bret A.","family":"Beheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin C.","family":"Trumble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Anthropological Sciences Unit, UCSB Santa Barbara CA 93106"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicia C.","family":"Madimenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Queens College\u2010CUNY Flushing NY 11367"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hillard","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse 31015 Toulouse Cedex 6 France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gurven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Anthropological Sciences Unit, UCSB Santa Barbara CA 93106"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.8.1643"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2007.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110720"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(00)00336-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-199600240-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318163a286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19690101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.3.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001218"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.1671"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1462"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.7.650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(01)00583-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DevlinMJ.2011. 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