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Cervical vertebrae act as a bridge between the torso and head and play a crucial role in the maintenance of head position and the visual field. Despite its importance in positional behaviors, the functional morphology of the cervical region remains poorly understood, particularly in comparison to the thoracic and lumbar sections of the spinal column. This study tests whether morphological variation in the primate cervical vertebrae correlates with differences in postural behavior. Phylogenetic generalized least\u2010squares analyses were performed on a taxonomically broad sample of 26 extant primate taxa to test the link between vertebral morphology and posture. Kinematic data on primate head and neck postures were used instead of behavioral categories in an effort to provide a more direct analysis of our functional hypothesis. Results provide evidence for a function\u2010form link between cervical vertebral shape and postural behaviors. Specifically, taxa with more pronograde heads and necks and less kyphotic orbits exhibit cervical vertebrae with longer spinous processes, indicating increased mechanical advantage for deep nuchal musculature, and craniocaudally longer vertebral bodies and more coronally oriented zygapophyseal articular facets, suggesting an emphasis on curve formation and maintenance within the cervical lordosis, coupled with a greater resistance to translation and ventral displacement. These results not only document support for functional relationships in cervical vertebrae features across a wide range of primate taxa, but highlight the utility of quantitative behavioral data in functional investigations. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:531\u2013542, 2015. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,7]],"date-time":"2015-03-07T05:10:27Z","timestamp":1425705027000},"page":"531-542","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Functional morphology of the primate head and neck"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Thierra K.","family":"Nalley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Anthropology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Dr San Francisco CA 94118"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Southern Illinois University Faner Hall, Carbondale IL 62901"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neysa","family":"Grider\u2010Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Evolution and Social Change Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287\u20104101"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy","author":"Aiello L","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000153700.97830.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Morphologie von wirbels\u00e4ule und brustkorb","author":"Ankel F.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Einf\u00fchrung in die primatendkunde","author":"Ankel F.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"The functional and evolutionary biology of primates","author":"Ankel F.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"An introduction to primate anatomy","author":"Ankel\u2010Simons F.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20251"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Some notes on the curvature of the vertebral column in vertebrates with special reference to mammals","volume":"7","author":"Badoux DM","year":"1968","journal-title":"Acta Morphol Neerlando Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384050-9.50006-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02267628"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195068207.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"The thickness, shape and arrangement of elastic fibres within the nuchal ligament from various animal species","volume":"169","author":"Bianchi M","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anat Anz"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"116","volume-title":"Classification and Human Evolution","author":"Biegert J","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00034-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum","author":"Bogduk N","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","author":"Clauser DA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Functional and comparative anatomy of the primate spinal column: some locomotor and postural adaptations"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"159","article-title":"The luschka joints: their anatomy, physiology, and pathology","volume":"1","author":"Compere EL","year":"1958","journal-title":"Orthopaedics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"CriptonPA.1999. 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