{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:33:23Z","timestamp":1789644803107,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Objectives: Today, fractures at the growth plate (or physis) are common injuries in children, but provide challenges of identification in skeletonized remains. Clinical studies provide detailed information on the mechanisms, locations, age of occurrence, and complications associated with physeal fractures, enabling the development of new criteria for identifying this injury in nonadults. To test these criteria, skeletal remains from five rural and urban medieval cemeteries were examined. Methods: The sample consisted of 961 skeletons (0\u201317 years) with open epiphyses. Macroscopic observation looked for any irregularities of the metaphysis or epiphysis, which was consistent with the clinical appearance of physeal fractures or resulting complications. Radiographic examination was applied to identify fracture lines or early growth arrest. Results: This study revealed 12 cases of physeal trauma (1.2%). Physeal fractures occurred predominantly at the distal end (75%), and while they were identified in all age categories, they were most frequent in those aged 12\u201317 years (0.2% TPR). The humerus was the most commonly affected location (3\/12 or 25%). Conclusions: This study highlights the potential for recognizing physeal fractures in children of all ages, enhancing our understanding of nonadult trauma, and enabling us to assign a more precise age of the injury to build up a picture of their activities in the past. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:411\u2013420, 2015. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]],"date-time":"2015-03-02T04:49:37Z","timestamp":1425271777000},"page":"411-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Childhood trauma: Methods for the identification of physeal fractures in nonadult skeletal remains"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Petra","family":"Verlinden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of Reading Berkshire London RG6 6AB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of Reading Berkshire London RG6 6AB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Raunds. The Origin and Growth of a Midland Village AD 450\u20101500. Excavations in north Raunds, Northamptonshire 1977\u201087","author":"Audouy M","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Urban Growth and the Medieval Church","author":"Baker N","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181a4f25b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Rockwood and Wilkins' Fractures in Children","author":"Beaty J","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Raunds Furnells: the Anglo\u2010Saxon Church and Churchyard","author":"Boddington A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195941060-00006","article-title":"Epiphyseal fractures. A microscopic study of the healing process in rats","volume":"41","author":"Brashear HR","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"BryantGF.2003. The Church in Late Medieval Barton\u2010on\u2010Humber. The Later History of Barton\u2010on\u2010Humber: Part I. WEA Barton\u2010on\u2010Humber: Privately Printed."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.108.3.451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.017822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200303000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.75B6.8245070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Centre for Human Bioarchaeology.2013a. St. Mary Spital (SRP98) period 14 workbook. Museum of London."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Centre for Human Bioarchaeology.2013b. St. Mary Spital (SRP98) period 15 workbook. Museum of London."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Centre for Human Bioarchaeology.2013c. St. Mary Spital (SRP98) period 16 workbook. Museum of London."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"Centre for Human Bioarchaeology.2013d. St. Mary Spital (SRP98) period 17 workbook. Museum of London."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"A Bioarchaeological Study of Medieval Burials on the Site of St. Mary Spital","author":"Connell B","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.210.3.r99mr20835"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"The Cemetery of St. Helen\u2010on\u2010the\u2010Walls, Aldwark","author":"Dawes JD","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062010-00007","article-title":"Fracture\u2010separation of the distal humeral epiphysis","volume":"62","author":"DeLee JC","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2010.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpsur.2011.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.4.1780967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200109000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict","author":"Fibiger L.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197153060-00004","article-title":"Non\u2010union of minimally displaced fractures of the lateral condyle of the humerus in children","volume":"53","author":"Flynn JC","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197557080-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2011.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01202412-199704000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781846159749","volume-title":"Medieval Life. Archaeology and the Life Course","author":"Gilchrist R.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444390537.ch14"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1212(200005\/06)10:3<198::AID-OA522>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.565"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","first-page":"1200","volume-title":"A Social History of England","author":"Goldberg PJP.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1484\/J.VIATOR.1.100121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200211000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/202593"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","first-page":"346","volume-title":"The ties that bound: peasant families in medieval England","author":"Hanawalt B.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197153060-00003","article-title":"Fractures of the lateral condyle of the humerus in children","volume":"53","author":"Hardacre JA","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003581500036404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B6.22140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.869"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.17.2.9084078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.16.6.8946546"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199204793.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","volume-title":"La Grande Chirurgie de M. Guy de Chauliac","author":"Joubert L.","year":"1578"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181a6bfe8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.244045015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/959472:1-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","first-page":"39","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict","author":"Lewis ME.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","volume-title":"A Tender Age. Cultural Anxieties over the Child in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries","author":"MacLehose WF.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199011000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Human Growth and Development","author":"Maresh MM.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","volume-title":"The Churchyard","author":"Mays S","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Excavating all saint's: a medieval church rediscovered","volume":"245","author":"McIntyre L","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Archaeol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203371169","volume-title":"A Social History of Disability in the Middle Ages","author":"Metzler I.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345630420062701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330210212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/b97655","volume-title":"Skeletal Injury in the Child","author":"Ogden JA.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199255849.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197204000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","volume-title":"Epiphyseal Growth Plate Fractures","author":"Peterson HA.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199407000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Rockwood and Wilkins' Fractures in Children","author":"Rathjen K","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196345030-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","volume-title":"The Juvenile Skeleton","author":"Scheuer L","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","first-page":"328","volume-title":"The Archaeology of Britain An Introduction from Earliest Times to the Twenty\u2010First Century","author":"Stamper P.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.6.2.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","volume-title":"St. Peter's, Barton\u2010upon\u2010Humber, Lincolnshire. A Parish Church and its Community","author":"Waldron T","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","volume-title":"Hippocrates","author":"Withington ET.","year":"1927"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-198611000-00003"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.22732","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.22732","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T14:30:20Z","timestamp":1717770620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.22732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.22732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22732","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}}}