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In the castrates, (1) the distance between the two rami was narrower than in intact males leading to a relatively narrower and longer face; (2) both the mandibular body and ramus had thinner cortical bone leading to less total bone mass; and (3) the canines and molar teeth were slender with lower and less robust tooth cusps. In addition, the alveolar bone of two geriatric castrates was greatly receded with signs of periodontitis more severe than in intact aged males. Old castrates also had severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings suggest the importance of testosterone in craniofaciodental development, and maintenance of skeletal and oral health in male macaques. These results suggest that dental health professionals might want to include in their medical history questionnaires whether or not male patients have taken hormone (testosterone) replacement therapy. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:31\u201351, 2016. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]],"date-time":"2015-08-21T10:58:36Z","timestamp":1440154716000},"page":"31-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The mandibles of castrated male rhesus macaques (<scp><i>M<\/i><\/scp><i>acaca mulatta<\/i>): The effects of orchidectomy on bone and teeth"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University Baylor College of Dentistry Dallas TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Laboratory Animal Resources Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center West Virginia University Morgantown WV"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry B.","family":"Kensler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Primate Research Center University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus San Juan Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Dechow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University Baylor College of Dentistry Dallas TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511984464.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900414"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345570360031601"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.79.2.561"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200011)113:3<389::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.12.1409"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091430302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0447"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70171-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050286"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65165-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330830211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020372825031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119990420.ch29"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6300(199909\/10)11:5<577::AID-AJHB1>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22138"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1046-1_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.117926"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2007.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1537\/ase.090430"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100640"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","article-title":"Familial periodontal disease in the cayo santiago rhesus macaques","author":"Gonzalez GA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20878"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"The role of testicular secretions as indicated by the effects of castration in man and by studies of pathological conditions and the short life span associated with maleness","volume":"3","author":"Hamilton JB.","year":"1948","journal-title":"Recent Prog Horm Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/24.4.395"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102241"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2011.00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22177"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330320308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"The CPRC Skeletal Collection as a research resource. 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