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These definitions are applied to reported paleopathological cases, exploring various etiologies behind the defects, in order to aid in the diagnosis of congenital syphilis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Original works were examined for descriptions of dental abnormalities in congenital syphilis and in mercurial treatments. These descriptions were compared with dentitions of paleopathological cases (\n                      <jats:italic>n =<\/jats:italic>\n                      4) demonstrating abnormalities attributed to congenital syphilis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Distinct morphological differences were recognized between congenital syphilitic teeth and teeth affected by mercury. Mercury produces a pronounced deficiency in enamel of incisors, canines and first permanent molars that become rugged and pitted, and of dirty grey honeycombed appearance. Mercury\u2010induced dental changes are evident in three out of four cases studied here. In one case, only syphilitic changes were present.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dental changes in congenital syphilis range from no visible signs to those beyond the classical models of Hutchinson, Moon and Fournier. Treatment of neonates and infants with mercury produces additional changes. Signs of disease and treatment with mercury on teeth may occur together; permanent incisors, first molars and canines, are typically affected, premolars and second\/third molars are usually spared. Signs of treatment with mercury might be the only evidence of the occurrence of the disease as mercury was rarely used to treat other diseases. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:617\u2013629, 2016. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]],"date-time":"2015-12-23T04:40:49Z","timestamp":1450845649000},"page":"617-629","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Diagnosing congenital syphilis using\n                    <scp>H<\/scp>\n                    utchinson's method: Differentiating between syphilitic, mercurial, and syphilitic\u2010mercurial dental defects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"Stella","family":"Ioannou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Sassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Henneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata J.","family":"Henneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.139852"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpam.2014.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"E103","article-title":"Dental fluorosis: exposure, prevention and management","volume":"14","author":"Alvarez JA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cirugia Bucal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.6.3.384","article-title":"Congenital tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Amick FE","year":"1950","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"AnsonTJ.2004. 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