{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:18:32Z","timestamp":1790615912250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]],"date-time":"2016-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Potential integration between the nasal region and noncranial components of the respiratory system has significant implications for understanding determinants of craniofacial variation. There is increasing evidence that sexual dimorphism in body size and associated male\u2010female differences in energetically relevant variables influence the development of the nasal region. To better understand this relationship, we examined the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in nasal shape using a longitudinal series of lateral cephalograms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected a series of two dimensional coordinate landmark data from <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920 males and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200918 females from 3.0 to 20.0+ years of age totaling <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009290 observations across nine age groups. First, we tested whether there are sex differences in the nasal shape related to ontogenetic increases in body size (i.e., sitting height). Additionally, we examined whether there are male\u2010female differences in patterns of nonallometric variation in nasal shape. Next, we tested whether there are sex differences in the strength of integration between the nasal region and other aspects of the facial skeleton.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate that there are a number of similarities in patterns of morphological variation in the nasal region between males and females. However, as sitting height increases males exhibit a disproportionate increase in nasal region height that is not present in the female sample. Moreover, the male nasal region is less integrated with the surrounding facial skeleton when compared to the female sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sex differences in nasal development are associated with male\u2010female differences in energetically relevant variables. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:52\u201361, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]],"date-time":"2016-01-29T11:09:00Z","timestamp":1454065740000},"page":"52-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The ontogeny of nasal shape: An analysis of sexual dimorphism in a longitudinal sample"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Nathan E.","family":"Holton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics The University of Iowa  IA 52242"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology The University of Iowa  IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Alsamawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry The University of Iowa  IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd R.","family":"Yokley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology Metropolitan State University of Denver  CO 80204"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Froehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Wright State University, Lifespan Health Research Center Dayton OH 45435"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330790213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"A systems\u2010model for the morphological analysis of integration and modularity in human craniofacial evolution","volume":"86","author":"Bastir M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anthropol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22359"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003940070019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330610312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"The human lineage","author":"M Cartmill","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20074"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1992.01880080012004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.092940"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Growth of the nasal septal cartilage of the rat in vitro","volume":"144","author":"Copray JC.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Facial growth","author":"Enlow DH.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529140"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22444"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"FranciscusRG.1995. 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