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Schultz Foundation; Swiss National Science Foundation (SCOPES) [Scientific cooperation between Eastern Europe and Switzerland]","award":["IZ73Z0_127940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZ73Z0_127940"]}]},{"name":"ESRF [European Synchrotron Radiation Facility]","award":["ec-767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ec-767"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to the scarcity of the fossil record, in vivo changes in the dentognathic system of early <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> are typically documented at the level of individual fossil specimens, and it remains difficult to draw population\u2010level inferences about dietary habits, diet\u2010related activities and lifestyle from individual patterns of dentognathic alterations. The Plio\u2010Pleistocene hominin sample from Dmanisi (Georgia), dated to 1.77 million years ago, offers a unique opportunity to study in vivo changes in the dentognathic system of individuals belonging to a single paleodeme of early <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyze dentognathic pathologies in the Dmanisi sample, and in comparative samples of modern Australian and Greenlander hunter\u2010gatherer populations, applying clinical protocols of dentognathic diagnostics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Dmanisi hominins exhibit a similarly wide diversity and similar incidence of dentognathic pathologies as the modern human hunter\u2010gatherer population samples investigated here. Dmanisi differs from the modern population samples in several respects: At young age tooth wear is already advanced, and pathologies are more prevalent. At old age, hypercementosis is substantial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results indicate that dentognathic pathologies and disease trajectories are largely similar in early <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> and modern humans, but that the disease load was higher in early <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>, probably as an effect of higher overall stress on the dentognathic system. 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