{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:58:46Z","timestamp":1790049526828,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]],"date-time":"2016-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Young primates have relatively large hands and feet for their body size, perhaps enhancing grasping ability. We test the hypothesis that selection for improved grasping ability is responsible for these scaling trends by examining the ontogeny of intrinsic hand and foot proportions in capuchin monkeys (<jats:italic>Cebus albifrons<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sapajus apella<\/jats:italic>). If selection for improved grasping ability is responsible for the observed patterns of hand and foot growth in primates, we predicted that fingers and toes would be longer early in life and proportionally decline with age. We measured the lengths of manual and pedal metapodials and phalanges in a mixed\u2010longitudinal radiographic sample. Bone lengths were (a) converted into phalangeal indices (summed non\u2010distal phalangeal length\/metapodial length) to test for age\u2010related changes in intrinsic proportions and (b) fit to Gompertz models of growth to test for differences in the dynamics of phalangeal versus metapodial growth. Manual and pedal phalangeal indices nearly universally decreased with age in capuchin monkeys. Growth curve analyses revealed that metapodials generally grew at a faster rate, and for a longer duration, than corresponding phalanges. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that primates are under selection for increased grasping ability early in life. Relatively long digits may be functionally adaptive for growing capuchins, permitting a more secure grasp on both caregivers and arboreal supports, as well as facilitating early foraging. Additional studies of primates and other mammals, as well as tests of grasping performance, are required to fully evaluate the adaptive significance of primate hand and foot growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,22]],"date-time":"2016-06-22T15:09:57Z","timestamp":1466608197000},"page":"104-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Grasping primate development: Ontogeny of intrinsic hand and foot proportions in capuchin monkeys (<i>Cebus albifrons<\/i> and <i>Sapajus apella<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Jesse W.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED) Rootstown Ohio 44272"},{"name":"Musculoskeletal Biology Research Focus Area, NEOMED Rootstown Ohio 44272"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Kent State University Kent Ohio 44240"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber N.","family":"Heard\u2010Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Texas Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"907","article-title":"Nursery care and growth of Old and New World infant monkeys","volume":"20","author":"Ausman L. M.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Laboratory Animal Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Bates D. Maechler M. Bolker B. &Walker S.(2014). lme4: Linear mixed\u2010effects models using Eigen and S4. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=lme4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21099"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04028.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350350402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.69.3.30164211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/410622"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400853724"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197557060-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005611228927"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.057380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"Eklund A.(2013). beeswarm: The bee swarm plot an alternative to stripchart. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=beeswarm"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420100605"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/30.3.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"The development of the wild black\u2010capped capuchin (Cebus apella) at La Macarena, Colombia","volume":"2","author":"Escobar\u2010P\u00e1ramo P.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Field Studies of New World Monkeys, La Macarena, Colombia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"Limb ontogeny, function, and locomotor development in catarrhines (PhD Dissertation)","author":"Fellmann C. D.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Physical growth of cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons) during the first year of life","volume":"39","author":"Fleagle J. G.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Growth"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/28.3.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3647-9_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8770-9_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"Fox J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156435"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.111.2.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350170203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420240602"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","volume-title":"The complete capuchin","author":"Fragaszy D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Postcranial adaptation in nonhuman primates","author":"Gebo D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"The role of time and size in ontogenetic allometry: I. Review","volume":"53","author":"German R. Z.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Growth, Development, and Aging"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330470205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853907783244701"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017723"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20856"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2001.0467"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-33507-0_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00985.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","unstructured":"Hofner B.(2013). papeR: A toolbox for writing Sweave or other LaTeX\u2010based papers and reports. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=papeR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330880405"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Juvenile primates: Life history, development, and behavior","author":"Janson C. H.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3647-9_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330530403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)46:1<7::AID-AJP3>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836902001644"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0092-0_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<87::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20430"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","volume-title":"The antecedents of man: An introduction to the evolution of the primates","author":"Le Gros Clark W. E.","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","volume-title":"Primates in perspective","author":"Leigh S. R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052240308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00980.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0092-0_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-33507-0_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Relative growth of the limb segments and tail in Ateles geoffroyi and Cebus capucinus","volume":"19","author":"Lumer H.","year":"1947","journal-title":"Human Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2011.02609.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25872-8_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01065"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","unstructured":"Maj A.(2011). lmmfit: Goodness\u2010of\u2010fit\u2010measures for linear mixed models with one\u2010level\u2010grouping. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=lmmfit"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(199702)231:2<117::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0092-0_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Prehensility and opposability in the hands of primates","volume":"5","author":"Napier J. R.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Symposia of the Zoological Society of London"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330270306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","unstructured":"Pinheiro J. Bates D. DebRoy S. &Sarkar D.(2013). nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=nlme. Accessed May 21 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2405-9_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330920408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02547635"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012065332758"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2003.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21617"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/26.1.30","article-title":"Protein requirements of young cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons and apella)","volume":"26","author":"Samonds K. W.","year":"1973","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2005.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20480"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10362"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(88)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","volume-title":"Five new world primates: A study in comparative ecology","author":"Terborgh J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","volume-title":"An atlas of the skeletal maturation of the cebus monkey: The first year","author":"Thurm D.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138297"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199705)103:1<19::AID-AJPA3>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Early development of three wild infant Cebus apella at La Macarena, Colombia","volume":"6","author":"Valenzuela N.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Field Studies of New World Monkeys, La Macarena, Colombia"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156446"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.15.110184.002141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v021.i12"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v040.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","volume-title":"Adapatation and natural selection: A crititque of some current evolutionary thought","author":"Williams G. C.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","volume-title":"Energetics, encephalisation and Weaning: Modelling growth and maturation in primate and human evolution (PhD Dissertation)","author":"Wood H. T.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","first-page":"453","volume-title":"Interspecific and ontogenetic variation in locomotor behavior, habitat use, and postcranial morphology in Cebus apella and Cebus olivaceus (PhD Dissertation)","author":"Wright K. A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21116"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Primate locomotion: Linking field and laboratory research","author":"Wunderlich R. E.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836905007521"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.025460"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0773"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Physical Anthropology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajpa.23013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajpa.23013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T20:50:25Z","timestamp":1696625425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajpa.23013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajpa.23013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.23013","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9483","1096-8644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9483","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,21]]}}}