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Much of the data are derived from third to fifth century AD Poundbury Camp, Dorchester, Dorset, considered an unusual site due to high levels of non\u2010adult morbidity. There is little understanding of children in rural areas, and whether Poundbury Camp was representative of Romano\u2010British childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study provides the first large scale analysis of child health in urban and rural Roman England, adding to the previously published intra\u2010site analysis of non\u2010adult paleopathology at Poundbury Camp. Age\u2010at\u2010death and pathology prevalence rates were reassessed for 953 non\u2010adults (0\u201317 years) from five major urban, six minor urban, and four rural sites (first to fifth century AD). The data were compared to the results from 364 non\u2010adults from Poundbury Camp.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rural sites demonstrated higher levels of infant burials, and greater prevalence of cribra orbitalia in the 1.1\u20132.5 year (TPR 64.3%), and 6.6\u201310.5 year cohorts (TPR 66.7%). Endocranial lesions were more frequent in the minor urban sample (TPR 15.9%). Three new cases of tuberculosis were identified in urban contexts. Vitamin D deficiency was most prevalent at Poundbury Camp (CPR 18.8%), vitamin C deficiency was identified more frequently in rural settlements (CPR 5.9%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Poundbury Camp data on morbidity and mortality are not representative of patterns in Roman England and other major urban sites. Rural children suffered from a distinct set of pathologies described as diseases of deprivation, prompting reconsideration of how Romano\u2010British land management affected those at the bottom of the social hierarchy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T17:41:41Z","timestamp":1476207701000},"page":"208-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Poundbury Camp in Context\u2014a new Perspective on the Lives of Children from urban and rural<scp>R<\/scp>oman<scp>E<\/scp>ngland"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Rohnbogner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading Reading Berkshire RG6 6AB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Elizabeth","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading Reading Berkshire RG6 6AB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.238.705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.001172"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2013.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2576"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"Breeze D. 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