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However, little research has focused on the relationship between tail type and internal sacral morphology, a potentially important source of functional information when fossil sacra are incomplete. Here, we determine if cortical bone cross\u2010sectional thickness of the last sacral vertebral body differs among tail types in extant primates and can be used to reconstruct tail types in extinct primates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cortical bone cross\u2010sectional thickness in the last sacral vertebral body was measured from high\u2010resolution CT scans belonging to 20 extant primate species (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200972) assigned to tail type categories (\u201ctailless,\u201d \u201cnonprehensile short\u2010tailed,\u201d \u201cnonprehensile long\u2010tailed,\u201d and \u201cprehensile\u2010tailed\u201d). The extant dataset was then used to reconstruct the tail types for four extinct primate species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tailless primates had significantly thinner cortical bone than tail\u2010bearing primates. Nonprehensile short\u2010tailed primates had significantly thinner cortical bone than nonprehensile long\u2010tailed primates. Cortical bone cross\u2010sectional thickness did not distinguish between prehensile\u2010tailed and nonprehensile long\u2010tailed taxa. Results are strongly influenced by phylogeny. Corroborating previous studies, <jats:italic>Epipliopithecus vindobonensis<\/jats:italic> was reconstructed as tailless, <jats:italic>Archaeolemur edwardsi<\/jats:italic> as long\u2010tailed<jats:italic>, Megaladapis grandidieri<\/jats:italic> as nonprehensile short\u2010tailed, and <jats:italic>Palaeopropithecus kelyus<\/jats:italic> as nonprehensile short\u2010tailed or tailless.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results indicate that, in the context of phylogenetic clade, measures of cortical bone cross\u2010sectional thickness can be used to allocate extinct primate species to tail type categories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T12:51:05Z","timestamp":1484139065000},"page":"757-767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Does cortical bone thickness in the last sacral vertebra differ among tail types in primates?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Abigail C.","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York 11794"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York 11794"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360641a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155038"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"The functional and evolutionary biology of primates","author":"Ankel F.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07347"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(93)90092-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"Canty A. 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