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In contrast, bioarchaeological studies of bone loss have found a greater diversity of age\u2010 and sex\u2010related patterns of bone loss in past populations. We argue that the differing findings may relate to the fact that most studies use only a single methodology to quantify bone loss and do not account for the heterogeneity and complexity of bone maintenance across the skeleton and over the life course.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We test the hypothesis that bone mass and maintenance in trabecular bone sites versus cortical bone sites will show differing patterns of age\u2010related bone loss, with cortical bone sites showing sex difference in bone loss that are similar to contemporary Western populations, and trabecular bone loss at earlier ages. We investigated this hypothesis in the Imperial Roman population of Velia using three methods: radiogrammetry of the second metacarpal (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200971), bone histology of ribs (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200970), and computerized tomography of trabecular bone architecture (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947). All three methods were used to explore sex and age differences in patterns of bone loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The suite of methods utilized reveal differences in the timing of bone loss with age, but all methods found no statistically significant differences in age\u2010related bone loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We argue that a multi\u2010method approach reduces the influence of confounding factors by building a reconstruction of bone turnover over the life cycle that a limited single\u2010method project cannot provide. The implications of using multiple methods beyond studies of bone loss are also discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]],"date-time":"2017-06-05T09:12:41Z","timestamp":1496653961000},"page":"41-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A multi\u2010method assessment of bone maintenance and loss in an<scp>I<\/scp>mperial<scp>R<\/scp>oman population: Implications for future studies of age\u2010related bone loss in the past"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5800-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Beauchesne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Sciences University of Michigan Dearborn Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina C.","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of California Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"History of human life\u2010span and mortality","author":"Acs\u00e0di G.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470245842.ch12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1433.2012.01428.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22905"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444390537.ch11"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199612)246:4<423::AID-AR1>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8891-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10335"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(60)80012-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"Beauchesne P.(2012).Physilogical stress bone growth and developmentin Imperial Rome (Doctoral Dissertation). 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