{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:05:45Z","timestamp":1766066745474,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]],"date-time":"2018-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534636800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]],"date-time":"2017-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS 0622358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS 0622358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001388","name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Gr. 7460","7460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gr. 7460","7460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000169","name":"Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0622358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0622358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000169","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Phys Anthropol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optimal iron hypothesis posits a trade\u2010off in iron nutrition\u2014iron deficiency restricts iron available to infectious agents, protecting against severe infection, but also compromises immune defense\u2014such that mild\u2010to\u2010moderate iron deficiency may be more adaptive than either iron\u2010replete or severe deficiency in environments with high infectious disease load. This hypothesis has not been tested among adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A secondary analysis of data and specimens from 220 lactating mothers in northern Kenya was conducted. Elevated serum C\u2010reactive protein (CRP\u2009&gt;\u20092 or &gt;5 mg\/l) was utilized to identify prevalent subclinical infection\/inflammation. Iron deficiency was identified with transferrin receptor in archived dried blood spots (TfR\u2009&gt;\u20095.0 mg\/l). The absence of iron deficiency or anemia (Hemoglobin\u2009&lt;\u200912 g\/l) defined the iron replete state. Iron\u2010deficient erythropoiesis (IDE, mild\u2010to\u2010moderate iron deficiency) was defined as iron deficiency without anemia; iron deficiency anemia (IDA, severe iron deficiency) as iron deficiency with anemia; and noniron\u2010deficiency anemia (NIDA) as anemia without iron deficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of elevated inflammation (subclinical infection) was lowest in IDE. In logistic regression, IDE was inversely associated with inflammation (for CRP\u2009&gt;\u20092 mg\/l: adjusted odds ratio, aOR\u2009=\u20090.30; <jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic> 0.02; for CRP\u2009&gt;\u20095 mg\/l: aOR\u2009=\u20090.27; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.10), compared to the iron replete state. The protective effect of IDE differed in the presence of vitamin A deficiency or underweight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We interpret these patterns as tentative support for the optimal iron hypothesis in breastfeeding women in the infectious disease ecology of northern Kenya. Iron deficiency may interact in important ways with other forms of malnutrition that are known to affect immune protection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]],"date-time":"2017-08-19T06:56:35Z","timestamp":1503125795000},"page":"586-597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A test of the optimal iron hypothesis among breastfeeding Ariaal mothers in northern Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9173-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masako","family":"Fujita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Michigan State University  Michigan"},{"name":"Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological Research Michigan State University  Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Wander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Binghamton University (SUNY)  New York"},{"name":"Laboratory for Anthropometry and Biomarkers Binghamton University (SUNY)  New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000345165"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1280s"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000371618"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lab.2004.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000355992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-012-1466-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.8.2298"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2010.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.2.231"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.5.1807"},{"volume-title":"Having herds: Pastoral herd growth and household economy. 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