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Urogenital schistosomiasis (caused by <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium)<\/jats:italic> increases protein and blood in urine and intestinal schistosomiasis (caused by <jats:italic>S. mansoni)<\/jats:italic> affects total body water. However, no data exist on how different schistosome species affect urine specific gravity (USG), a hydration biomarker. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\u2010 and <jats:italic>S. mansoni\u2010<\/jats:italic>infected and uninfected women and USG in rural Tanzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surveys were conducted and stool and urine samples were collected among 211 nonpregnant women aged 18\u201350. <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs were detected using the urine filtration method. <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> eggs were detected using the Kato Katz method. USG was measured using a refractometer and analyzed as both a continuous and dichotomous variable. Regression (linear\/logistic) models were estimated to test the relationship between infection and hydration status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> was 5.9% and <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> was 5.4% with no coinfections. In regression models, <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected women had significantly higher USG (Beta\u2009=\u20090.007 g\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; standard error\u2009=\u20090.002; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and odds (Odds ratio: 7.76, 95% CI: 1.21\u201049.5) of elevated USG (&gt;1.020 g\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) than uninfected women, whereas <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected women did not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>, but not <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>, infection is associated with higher USG and risk of inadequate hydration. Future work should determine whether findings are attributable to parasite\u2010induced debris in urine or urinary tract pathologies and signs of renal damage. Human and non\u2010human primate studies using USG in schistosome\u2010endemic areas should account for schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T17:12:34Z","timestamp":1523985154000},"page":"952-959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Schistosomiasis and hydration status: <i>Schistosoma haematobium<\/i>, but not <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i> increases urine specific gravity among rural Tanzanian women"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9587-1447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asher Y.","family":"Rosinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1763-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sera L.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208"},{"name":"Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2991-8037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shalean M.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syeda Razia","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Center for Global Health New York New York 10065"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Center for Global Health New York New York 10065"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honest T.","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mnyeshi","family":"Petro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Center for Global Health New York New York 10065"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1971.20.77"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20631"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2007.10719661"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.03.036"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005518"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.06.011"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","DOI":"10.1159\/000445959"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0790"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469700005062"},{"volume-title":"Dancing skeletons: Life and death in West Africa","year":"2013","author":"Dettwyler K. 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